1. AHF 2203 PUAN ROSDALILA ROSLAN Human Factor and Flight Physiology

2. Human Factors

3. Accidents & Incidents Most ( 80% ) Aviation accidents and incidents can be related to Human Factors causes. CAUSES OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS: 80% Aircrew Error! 20% WEATHER, EQUUIPMENT, MAINTENANCE, AIRPORT/ATC, OTHER

4. Accidents & Incidents Estimates of human error (as a per cent of all failures) Jet transport 65-85 % Air traffic control 90 % Maritime vessels 80-85 % Chemical industry 80-90 % Nuclear power plants (US) 70 % Road transportation 85 % Human performance problems dominate the risks in all hazardous endeavours.

5. Definition of Human Factors FAA Within the FAA, Human Factors is defined as a multidisciplinary effort to generate and compile information about human capabilities and limitations and apply that information to equipment, systems, facilities, procedures, jobs, environments, training, staffing and personnel management for safe, comfortable, effective human performance (FAA Order 9550.8 Human Factors Policy). Human Factors is defined as a multidisciplinary effort to generate and compile information about human capabilities and limitations and apply that information to equipment, systems, facilities, procedures, jobs, environments, training, staffing and personnel management for safe, comfortable, effective human performance (FAA Order 9550.8 Human Factors Policy).

6. Definition of Human Factors The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) tells us that: "Human Factors is about people : it is about people in their working and living environments, and it is about their relationship with equipment, procedures, and the environment. Just as importantly, it is about their relationships with other people.... It’s two objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.'‘ -(ICAO Circular 227)

7. SHEL Model Software: Procedures, Policies/Rules, Manuals Hardware: Tools, Aircraft, Equipment, Workspaces, Buildings Environment: Physical, Organizational, Political, Economic Liveware (team): Teamwork, Communication, Leadership Liveware (people): Physical, Knowledge, Attitudes, Cultures,

8. Why We Have To Study Human Factors?

9. Flight Physiology

10. Overview

11. Definitions Physiology is the study of the functions of the body at the cellular level. Flight physiology is how the body and mind work in the flying environment.

12. Laws of Nature a. Gravitational Force and Mass. b. Space and Time. c. Physical States of Matter. The matter around and in us exists in several states. d. Pressure Gradients.

13. The Nervous System

14. Central Nervous System (CNS)

15. CNS The fully formed CNS can be considered in two major subdivisions: the brain the brain the spinal cord. the spinal cord.

16. CNS The Human Brain The human brain has three major subdivisions: a.The Brainstem. b.The Cerebellum. c.The Cerebrum. The brainstem is the core of the brain. It is a primary coordinating center of the human nervous system.

17. CNS Human spinal cord The spinal cord is continuous with the brainstem. Together, the spinal cord and the brainstem are called the neuraxis. The spinal cord has 2 portions known as: (1) The gray matter (2) The white matter

18. Peripheral Nerves ConnectingCNSbody Connecting the CNS to all parts of the body. Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nerves are nerves which pass from the CNS to the periphery of the body. Together, they are referred to as the Peripheral Nervous System.

19. Respiration

20. Purposes provide oxygen to the body cells The processes of respiration serve to provide oxygen to the body cells. This oxygen is used in the process of metabolic oxidation. carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) any other unwanted gases removed Also, the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) produced during metabolic oxidation and any other unwanted gases are removed from the body

21. Definition In general, respiration is the exchange of gases. In the human body, two kinds of respiration take place. External respiration (1) External respiration. Internal respiration (2) Internal respiration.

22. Process EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF GASES Gases Involved. Oxygen and carbon dioxide Pressure Gradients. The movement of gases depends upon such pressure gradients. External Respiration. At the alveoli, gases are exchanged between the air inside and the blood in the adjacent capillaries. Internal Respiration. Within the body, gases are exchanged between the blood of the capillaries and the individual cells of the body. Transportation of Gases. The gases are transported between the alveoli and the individual cells by the cardiovascular system. (1) Some of the gases are dissolved directly in the plasma of the blood. (2) Greater percentage of the gases is carried within the substance of the red blood cells

23. Process Illustration