1. Science Investigation Life in the Atacama 2004 Science & Technology Workshop Nathalie A. Cabrol NASA Ames

2. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop1Carnegie Mellon Outline of Presentation Science Objectives and Investigation Plan  Science Activities since 12/03  Overall Science Goals  Review of Science Questions and Objectives  Summary of Year 01 Campaign Results  Introduction to Year 02 Field Campaign

3. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop2Carnegie Mellon Science Activities since 12/03

4. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop3Carnegie Mellon Overall Science Mission: A real science question on Earth with critical applications to Mars Understand the Atacama as an habitat for life (large NASA and ASTEP effort); Document the limits of life on Earth; Test the capacity of a science payload to detect and characterize life in one of the most desertic terrestrial environments for application to Mars exploration **Document the current detection limit of life on Earth (robotic vs. human) and collect metrics and data for Mars exploration (new vision);

5. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop4Carnegie Mellon Overall Science Mission: A real science question on Earth with critical applications to Mars Remote Science:Test astrobiological exploration strategies and train planetary scientists to benefit future Mars mission operations; Telepresence: Test astrobiological exploration strategies for the robotic exploration of extreme terrestrial environments ** Make genuine discoveries and contribute to the body of knowledge about the Atacama and life in terrestrial extreme environments; **Generate a scientific archive that will summarize the results of this campaign (e.g., sample library)

6. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop5Carnegie Mellon Science Question: Can we unambiguously identify the signatures of life remotely? Goal 1: Establish the presence of life in situ : Goal 2: Establish the gradient of life in the Atacama Desert as an Analog to Mars No speculation Converging evidence from Science Payload Instruments ** Is unambiguous realistic? If not, ** How to increase the probability of detecting life signature?

7. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop6Carnegie Mellon Objective 1 Map habitats and understand past and/or present environmental conditions associated to life Morphology Geology Environment Texture, Physical, and Elemental Properties of Rocks and Soils Properties and structure of the subsurface (e.g., H 2 O)

8. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop7Carnegie Mellon Objective 2 Document how life modifies its environment Identify extant/extinct biosignatures, such as patterns, symmetries, colors associated with life activity Identify the geosignatures of life (e.g., constructs, biomineralization) Characterize the survival strategies derived from the interaction between life and environment

9. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop8Carnegie Mellon Objective 3.1 Analyze Samples During the mission (science field team, see ground-truth, E. A. Grin ) Post-mission (Lab analysis) searching for life: full array Comparison with Remote Science Team (RST) results Identify limitations, missed habitats and life (or lack thereof) and try to establish possible causes.

10. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop9Carnegie Mellon Objective 3.2 Generate a Science Database Establish a rigorous and consistent sampling method to create a lasting database & archives of the Atacama bioactivity. Identify database structure and content outline prior to the mission ( see ground-truth, E. A. Grin ); Organize and maintain a web-based archive that will become a scientific archive for post-mission to be used by the science community abroad; Exchange information with other groups working in the Atacama (e.g., McKay) and update the database; Turn it over to NASA after the end of the project?

11. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop10Carnegie Mellon Objective 4 Develop New Remote Operations Tools That Improve Science Data Collection, Access, and Facilitate Interpretation and Sharing Between Science Theme Groups -STGs- ( see Coppin, Wagner, et al., ) Test science tools during training sessions Demonstrate tool use during the Atacama mission Promote tools to NASA for use in future planetary missions

12. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop11Carnegie Mellon Objective 5 Understand the Rover Science Mission Process to Improve the Operational Efficiency and Productivity of Future Missions (see Thomas et al., ) ( How Mission Scientists Use the Data to Generate Observations and Hypotheses  How Observations Lead to New Sequences  Science Conclusions) Monitor the RST’s activity during the Atacama mission Establish ties between interpretation challenges to specific data types and interface tools Understand better the process that turns raw data into scientific conclusions: Group Theme Level RST Level

13. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop12Carnegie Mellon Objective 6 Publish the Science Results 02’ Campaign High-Priority Submit papers within 6 months of end of mission and agree on publication policies with “satellite” projects Science or Nature, one or a series of papers on the theme of searching life with automated vehicles (transition between MER and MSL). Contact editors; Astrobiology or Journal of Geophysical Research. Contact the editor for a possible Special Issue to be published in a year or so. Could include: Our project results Other Atacama scientists papers. McKay has agreed on the principle and is highly favorable to the idea.

14. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop13Carnegie Mellon Objective 7 Education and Public Outreach Develop a project that conveys the excitement of exploration and discovery to the general public, and classroom. ( see P. Coppin ) Project is related to Mars Exploration and Zoe Rover field campaign

15. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop14Carnegie Mellon Summary of Year 01 Campaign Results: Geology / Morphology How did the RST perceive the Atacama through Hyperion? Very-High RST Interpretation Accuracy Level Compared to Ground-Truth SPI: MER Equivalent Camera

16. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop15Carnegie Mellon 3 out of 4 hypothesized habitats were observed by the RST: Habitat Type 1: Saline Environment -- hydrated sulfate, possibly gypsum (confirmed for sample 16); Habitat Type 2: Desert Pavement/Alluvial fan material Habitat Type 3: Soil Year 01 Campaign could not confirm unambiguously the presence of chlorophyll-based life. Instrument suffered from stray reflecting light entering the camera creating artifacts. Necessity of more than one sensor to confirm a positive Year 01: Habitats

17. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop16Carnegie Mellon Year 01: Environment Sol 3 pan 115-R Sol 3 pan 163-R Sol 3 pan 176-RSol 3 pan 210-R T, P, RH, UVA-UVB: RST Identified possible weather patterns and moisture sources

18. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop17Carnegie Mellon Year 01: Mineralogy: Vis/NIR Mineralogical Environment

19. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop18Carnegie Mellon Year 01 Biology: Fluorescence VIS530-570450-660 24 samples acquired, 12 indicated a weak chlorophyll feature from spectral analysis. Only 1 strong (sample 3); No fluorescence data was sufficient to confirm the unambiguous presence of chlorophyll-based life. Instrument capable of detecting very low light level; Dyes necessary to confirm life? ( see Waggoner et al.,)

20. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop19Carnegie Mellon Building on Year 01 Methods and Results both for science and technology. Ongoing exploration; Two exploration sites, which will allow the RST to continue mapping the gradient of life and habitats in the Atacama; More payload instruments integrated onboard the rover; Some new instruments; Mars and Earth exploration strategies Year 02 Science Campaign: Introduction