1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. TH3/14/13; F3/2/12 Explain changes in HDI – esp. expected years of education and GNI vs. GDP Regional Differences in Development (Ch. 9.2 – pp. 281-288)

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. More Developed Regions –A. North America (HDI 0.95) high on most scores – lower scores on dropouts & life expectancy than Europe former manufacturing giant –surpassed in last 30 years due to labor costs more service oriented jobs (tertiary) remain world’s greatest exporter of food

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. More Developed Regions (cont.) –B. Europe (HDI 0.93) still distinction b/w Western & Eastern shifted since Cold War –greater cooperation b/w regions –Eastern Europe joins NATO & EU continuing difference in HDI –West higher HDI –West higher than North America few economic barriers (tariffs) today many countries still look out for national economic interests first despite EU recent problems due to debt of PIGS

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. More Developed Regions (cont.) –C. Other MDCs with high HDI Japan (0.96) –electronics Oceania (0.90) –distinction b/w Australia & NZ (higher HDI) and smaller islands (lower HDI) –Australia (mining) –New Zealand Russia (0.73) –oil –Russia is weakest especially after dissolution of USSR & lower demand for oil in current recession

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More and Less Developed Regions Figure 9-11

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Less Developed Regions –A. Latin America (0.82) highest HDI among LDCs often distinctions w/in regions & countries –wealthier in cities, esp. along coasts –greater inequity in income distributions (rich & poor) much of Latin America tied to North America –currently hurt by global recession

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Less Developed Regions (cont.) B. Asia similar HDI among Asian regions except South Asia significantly higher HDI than Sub-Saharan Africa –1. East Asia (HDI 0.77) China – large manufacturer; rising economic power –2. Southwest Asia & North Africa (HDI 0.74) aka Middle East dependent on oil for income regional variations – related to access to oil Islamic ties – although religious tensions

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Less Developed Regions (cont.) B. Asia (cont.) –3. Southeast Asia (HDI 0.73) hurt by warfare, c. 1930’s through 1970’s –WWII, Vietnam War, Cambodian civil war (Khmer Rouge) great resources – rubber, tin, rice cheap labor & budding manufacturing (esp. in 1990’s) –4. Central Asia (0.70) development often related to oil (Iran, Kazahkstan) HDI lower in other “Stans” –esp. Afghanistan (non-stop wars since 1978)

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Less Developed Regions (cont.) C. South Asia (0.61) –2 nd highest population –but 2 nd lowest per capita income –helped by Green Revolution strengthened agriculture –great variances w/in region India – rising manufacturing giant (4 th highest GDP) –many technology services

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Less Developed Regions (cont.) D. Sub-Saharan Africa (0.51) low levels of development many natural resources but history of exploitation –hurt by slavery & imperialism –recently by disease & warfare currently little prospect for development basic resource problem: too many people, not enough arable land some regional differences (esp. South Africa)