1. Space Radiation and Fox Satellites 2011 Space Symposium AMSAT Fox

2. 2 Space Radiation What is it? Why do we care? What can we do about it? Information provided by WA4SCA

3. 3 Space Radiation TypeSourceComposition Trapped Particles in Van Allen Belts Solar WindHigh Energy Protons (+ Anti-protons!) High Energy Electrons Bremsstrahlung (X-Rays) Galactic Cosmic Radiation Cosmic RaysHydrogen to Uranium Nuclei Low Flux, but Very High Energies Solar Particle Events Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections Energetic Electrons, Protons, Alpha Particles Lower energy particles cause cumulative damage. Higher energy particles cause Single Event Upsets. All can impact electronics. Comprehensive component testing is complicated and expensive.

4. 4 Space Radiation Model Fox Orbit

5. 5 South Atlantic Anomaly The major source of radiation for Fox satellites Caused by the Earth’s magnetic field being displaced about 280 miles, effectively lowering the Van Allen Belts there.

6. 6 Calculated Total Radiation Dose Data from ESA SPENVIS SatelliteAltitude (km) Inclination (degrees) kRAD/year (50% confidence) kRAD/year (98% confidence) ARISSat-13505217 Fox-165098762 Fox-2, AO-51800981199 AO-7150010190450 Geosynch357860212015500

7. 7 Radiation Effects on Components Transient errors Logic and memory stuck-bit errors CMOS latchup Electrical leakage in insulators Parameter drift Gate rupture of MOS devices

8. 8 Example Component Lifetimes 8535TI OMAP5912 6430AD574 12-Bit ADC 10750U310 JFET 64302N2222 Transistor 4320MAX724 DC/DC 117.5INTEL 80386 >14 650 km Orbit Years (50% conf) >100 Typical Failure Dose kRAD(Si) Component650 km Orbit Months (98% conf) Hitachi EEPROM>24 Rad-Hard component>24

9. 9 Aluminum Shielding Effectiveness Fox Structure ARISSat Structure

10. 10 Fox-1 Mitigation Strategy Targetted component shielding CMOS latch-up protection circuitry Limited use of Rad-hard/tolerant parts CPU failure tolerant (not mission critical) Analog hardware transponder

11. 11 Fox-2 Radiation Issues SDX requires powerful CPU CPU is mission critical Need confidence that CPU will survive Rad-Hard CPU - very expensive CubeSat constraints –Power –Volume –3 lb weight limit

12. 12 Fox-2 Radiation Strategy Rad-tested COTS parts - published papers Radiation testing of desireable components Rad-tolerant FPGAs Radiation tolerance at the circuit card level –Redundancy –Error Correction –Event Recovery

13. Any Questions? Thank You AMSAT Fox