1. The Great Depression, 1929-1941 Part B

2. President Herbert Hoover (Republican) Years in Office: 1929-1933

3. 1.From the end of WWI until the dawn of the Great Depression in 1929, in what years did the U.S. have presidential elections? 1920 1924 1928

4. 2. Who won the Presidential election of 1920? Warren G. Harding, a Republican from Ohio 3. During the 1920 campaign, what did Harding promise to bring back to America, in the wake of the Woodrow Wilson (a Democrat) years? “Normalcy”

5. 4. Generally speaking, the election of Republican Warren G. Harding signaled something of an end of what historical era in American government? The Progressive Era 5. But did Warren G. Harding snuff out Progressivism forever? No The reforms of the Progressive Era stayed intact, for the most part But the election of Harding did inaugurate a period in which progressive reforms were slowed down

6. 6. What happened to Warren G. Harding in 1923? He died of a heart attack 7. Thus, who became the new President of the United States in 1923? Calvin Coolidge, the Vice President under President Harding Calvin Coolidge was from Vermont

7. 8. Who won the Presidential election of 1924? President Calvin Coolidge (Republican) 9. Thus how long did Calvin Coolidge serve as President of the United States? He from August 2, 1923 to March 4, 1929 In short, due to finishing out Warren G. Harding’s term, Coolidge served as president for over 5 years

8. 10. Who did the Republican Party nominate as its candidate for President in 1928? Herbert Hoover of Iowa Hoover was the first U.S. President born west of the Mississippi River Hoover was born in 1874 and died in 1964 at the age of 90 In terms of religion, Herbert Hoover was a Quaker

9. 11. In 1928, who did the Democratic Party nominate as its candidate for president? Al Smith of New York Al Smith was elected multiple times as the governor of New York 12. Of what religion was Al Smith? Roman Catholic

10. Al Smith (on the right) golfing with baseball great, Babe Ruth

11. 13. What was significant about Al Smith’s religious identity? Smith was the first Roman Catholic to receive the presidential nomination from either of the two major political parties, i.e. the Democratic Party and/or the Republican Party

12. 14. Since Al Smith in 1928, what other two Catholic Democrats have won the presidential nomination? John F. Kennedy in 1960 (He won the presidency) John F. Kerry in 2004 (He did not win the presidency)

13. 15. How many Catholic Republicans have ever won the presidential nomination of the Republican Party? None To this day, no Catholic has ever been the Republican nominee for the presidency In 2012, Catholics Rick Santorum and Newt Gingrich both tried to win the Republican nomination, but as of May 2012, it seems quite evident that they will fail

14. 16. Have any Catholics ever served as Vice President of the United States? Yes Vice President of Joe Biden of Delaware became V.P. under President Barack Obama in January 2009

15. 17. Who won the Presidential election of 1928? Herbert Hoover, the Republican 18. What was a particularly interesting aspect of Hoover’s state-by-state electoral victory in 1928? He carried several Southern states, a feat that was rare given that the Republican Party had been seen by most white Southerners as the party that had invaded the South during the Civil War. Hoover won 5 former Confederate states: Texas, Florida, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia

16. 19. After the American Civil War and Reconstruction, in presidential elections (1880-1924), the former Confederate States had been what for the Democratic Party, for the most part? “The Solid South” That is, white Southerners were unwilling to vote Republican, the party of Lincoln (the conqueror of the South) The former Confederate states were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina

17. 20. In 1928, why did Herbert Hoover make inroads into the former Confederacy? In all likelihood, it was because of the Al Smith’s Roman Catholic faith and identity The South was staunchly anti-Catholic, and rather supportive of Prohibition (the banning of alcohol) Al Smith was believed by many to be an un-American alcohol drinker with an un-American Catholic faith In short, anti-Catholic bigotry likely helped the Republican candidate make inroads into the former Confederacy.

18. 21. In time, what became of the so-called Solid South? From 1928 to 1968, during Presidential elections, the South moved away from the Democratic Party, largely for reasons related to race In short, as the Democratic Party became more liberal (i.e. supportive of Civil Rights for African Americans), the South became less Democratic, and ultimately, more Republican…but it did not happen overnight.

19. 22. From 1928 to 1948, in what presidential elections did white Southern voters move away from the Democratic Party in significant numbers? 1928…The Republicans carried 5 Southern States 1948…Strom Thurmond and States’ Rights Conservatives (a White Supremacist party) broke from the Democratic Party and carried Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and South Carolina

20. 23. In 1952 and 1956, two elections won by Republican Dwight Eisenhower, how did the Republicans do in the South? In 1952, the Republicans won Tennessee, Texas, North Carolina, and Florida (4 States of the former Confederacy) In 1956, the Republicans won Tennessee, Texas, North Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana (5 States of the former Confederacy)

21. 24. In 1960, 1964, and 1968 presidential elections, what became of the so-called Solid South? In 1960, Florida, Tennessee, and Virginia went Republican while Mississippi went to an unofficial candidate as a protest vote. Alabama did something similar…but it’s complicated In 1964, the conservative Republican candidate, Barry Goldwater, won only 6 states total…but 5 of his wins were in the Deep South, those being Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina In 1968, the Democrats only carried one former Confederate state, that being Texas. Republican Richard Nixon carried Tennessee, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. Independent George Wallace of Alabama carried Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi

22. 25. In 1972, Republican President Richard Nixon carried how many of the eleven former Confederate States? Nixon carried all eleven in 1972 The Solid South for the Democratic Party was dead 26. Beginning in 1972 has Dixie been a Solid South for the Republican Party? Yes…for the most part…with a few exceptions But in general, the former Confederate States of America belonged to the Republican Party by the early 21 st century. In 2000 and 2004, Republican George W. Bush of Texas won every former Confederate state each time he ran. In 2008, Republican John McCain carried every former Confederate State except Virginia and North Carolina