1. Traits Model of Leadership Personality traits influence leadership ability but do not fully predict success Evidence suggests that successful leaders share several attributes Intelligence Self-confidence Inner Motivation/drive/energy Desire to lead and influence others Honesty and integrity Task-related knowledge

2. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Ohio State Leadership Studies Focused on task vs. employee orientation; they termed the variables initiating structure and consideration Initiating structure: the extent to which a leader defines and structures the work that he and his subordinates perform, with the focus on task accomplishment

3. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Ohio State Leadership Studies (cont.) Consideration: extent to which the leader has job relationships that rely on mutual trust, respect for subordinates, and sensitivity to subordinate’s feelings

4. Behavioral Models of Leadership Address questions: “What do leaders do?” & “How do they do it?” Consideration: the quality of relationships between leaders and employees. -mutual trust -two-way communication -respect for employees ideas -consideration of employees feelings -employee satisfaction, group harmony and cohesion Initiating Structure (Task Orientation): the extent to which leader is task oriented -define and structure roles -emphasis on structure appears to improve performance in the short run

5. Charismatic Leadership Influence related to referent power Charismatic leaders: – Exude self-confidence, sense of purpose – Share a vision – Often reject formal authority – take personal risks because of strong convictions

6. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Transformational Leadership Expands the notion of charismatic leadership to include these other factors: – elevation of followers’ goals – transfer of leader’s vision – intellectual stimulation of followers – individualized consideration of employees

7. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership: followers do what leaders say in order to gain benefits they desire, for example, a better job or more pay

8. Kouzes and Posner’s Commitments of Leadership 1. Challenge the Process 2. Inspire a Shared Vision 3. Enable Others to Act 4. Model the Way 5. Encourage the Heart