1. Bellwork: 04/03/2012 Change 10 to 25% of the water in your tank. Make sure to scrub debris off of the glass & filter prior to draining water. Sign in for a quiz once you are done

2. Bellwork: 04/05/2013 Collect the following data: Salt Water Tanks Only: Water Hardness - Phosphate -Salinity Nitrate- Calcium Nitrite Ammonia pH Temperature Make sure to clean out any excess food from your filter and gravel/sand. Scrub off the inside of the glass & clean the outside with Windex once you are finished.

3. Current Failures: End of the 6-weeks in Friday 1 st : 4 th : 100023003 (56)100011274 (62) 100023842 (42)100028473 (41) 100035615 (42) 2 nd : 100022959 (49)5 th : 100022646 (56) 3 rd :100023136 (55) 100023608 (66)100029541 (55) 100022752 (47)100032208 (53) 100022851 (13)7 th : 100023579 (47) 100034582 (68)

4. Acoustics and Biology Acoustics loudness (amplitude or pressure level) pitch (frequency) Use of sound by marine animals Predation/defense Communication and social interaction

5. Same frequency, Different amplitude Same amplitude, Different frequency Amplitude determines sound level pressure or loudness Frequency determines “pitch”

6. Loudness (Amplitude, sound level) Chart shows loudness in dB of some things we are familiar with Sound levels in air and water have different reference levels, so 0 dB (air) ≈ 26 dB (water)

7. Marine animal sounds can be made up of multiple frequencies The sound spectrum gives the pressure level at each frequency Intensity  pressure 2 dB = 10 Log 10 (intensity)

8. Spectrogram shows how sound spectrum changes over time

9. Snapping shrimp make noise to stun their prey. They create a cavitation bubble that “snaps” as it collapses. http://stilton.tnw.utwente.nl/shrimp/ claw crab An invertebrate example: snapping shrimp http://www.dosits.org/resources/ all/featuresounds/snappingshri mp/

10. Some fish use sound for courting and as a fright response A fish example: Atlantic Croaker Atlantic Croaker

11. Toothed whales Smaller (1.5 to 17 m long) Social Most are not migratory Chase and capture individual fish, squid, crabs Use sound to echolocate, communicate Baleen whales Larger (15 to 30 m long) Often solitary Long annual migrations Feed on aggregations of krill, copepods, small fish Use sound only to communicate

12. Toothed (odonticete) whales Baleen (mysticete) whales

13. http://www.dosits.org /audio/inte ractive/#/4 6

14. Data from polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~penguin/penguiness/ Larger whales produce lower-frequency sound Larger whales can dive deeper Toothed whales forage deeper than baleen whales What happens to sound in deeper water?

15. Outgoing sound is generated by the vocal cords and projected through the melon. Incoming sound is received through the jaw, which transmits sound waves through a fat channel to the “ear” (auditory bulla).

16. Dolphins live in social groups that stay together 5-10 years. They have “signature whistles” that can be used to recognize individuals at distances of >500 m. Time (s) Frequency (Hz) Social calls http://www.seaworl d.org/animal- info/sound- library/audio/dolphi ns.wav

17. Communication frequencies Toothed Baleen Thick bars: most common vocalizations Thin lines: extremes of frequency

18. Whale can determine distance, angle, size, shape, etc. from sound echoes Echolocation using echoes from sound pulses or clicks

19. Mellinger 2007 Echolocation frequencies

20. Squid and large fish are: More likely to be solitary Good acoustic targets (squid pens and fish swim bladders have density different from water) Plankton are: More likely to aggregate Poorer acoustic targets (density similar to water) Baleen whale prey Toothed whale prey

21. -Acoustic sensors (hydrophones) and 3D accelerometers in a waterproof, pressure- resistant case, mounted on suction cups -Carefully sneak up on whale, attach D-Tag -Record audio, pitch, roll, heading and depth -Tag pops off, floats to surface 18 hours later Mark Johnson with D-Tag A good invention for listening to whales: acoustic whale tag (D-Tag)

22. Long-Term Geotags:

23. Toothed whale foraging: Beaked whales dive deep to find prey Natacha Aguilar de Soto Peter Tyack et al.(Yellow indicates echolocation)

24. Baumgartner and Mate 2003 Fig. 4. Eubalaena glacialis and Calanus finmarchicus. (a-d) Examples of diving and tracking observations during feeding behavior. Contoured C. finmarchicus C5 abundance estimated from the OPC casts is shown. Color scale shown in (d) applies to all plots. (  ) Times of visual contacts. (  ) Times and locations at which a resurfacing occurred and a conductivity-temperature depth/optical plankton counter (CTD/OPC) cast was conducted. Solid and dashed lines indicate the sea floor and the top of the bottom mixed layer, respectively, measured at the location of each CTD/OPC cast. Baleen whale foraging: Right whales dive to bottom of the mixed layer where plankton are most concentrated

25. Baleen whales Toothed whales Seals, sea lions, and walruses Manatees and dugongs Echolocation (toothed whales) Marine mammal sound levels are generally between 100 and 200 dB

26. Worcester & Spindel 2005

27. Blue whales migrate and communicate over long distances

28. Airgun 10 to 500 Hz Up to 232 dB Outboard engine 6,300 Hz Commercial Ship 10 to 20,000 Hz Low-Frequency Active Sonar 100 to 500 Hz 230 to 240 dB These are loud enough to damage tissues and cause hearing loss These add constant background noise Man-made noise in the ocean

29. Humans add noise to the ocean Potential effects of man-made sounds on marine mammals: Temporary or permanent hearing loss or impairment Disruption of feeding, breeding, nursing, acoustic communication and sensing Death from lung hemorrhage or other tissue trauma Psychological and physiological stress

30. Before motors ~30 dB After motors ~75 dB Since the invention of propeller-driven motors (~150 years ago), Background noise level in the ocean has increased by ~45 dB Lowest background noise f has dropped from ~100 Hz to ~7 Hz Before motors ~100 Hz After motors ~7 Hz

31. Blue whale song 20 Hz, ~155 dB Pre-motor noise level 30 dB Whale song stays above ambient noise level for ~2,000 km e.g. San Diego to Seattle (area  10,000,000 km 2 ) Current noise level 75 dB Whale song stays above ambient noise level for ~60 km e.g. New Brunswick to NYC (area  10,000 km 2 ) Blue whale Can use transmission-loss curves to calculate the effective communication range

32. Range of effective communication for blue whale singing at 20 Hz and 155 dB Range before mid-1800s Current range

33. Noise-induced mass strandings Mass strandings associated with Navy sonar activity The Bahamas (2000): 14 beaked whales, 1 spotted dolphin, 2 minke whales Cranial Bleeding Naval Training Exercise: SONAR The Canary Islands (2002): 14 beaked whales Gas bubbles and bleeding in multiple organs, likely from surfacing too quickly

34. Noise-induced mass strandings Mass strandings associated with air guns Tasmania and New Zealand (2004): 208 whales and dolphins Mass Stranding: ExxonMobile Seismic Testing Senegal and Madagascar (2008): 200 pilot whales and melon-head whales Mass Stranging: Dolphins & Seismic Testing Northern Peru (February 2012) 900+ dolphins stranded or washed ashore dead Middle Ear Bleeding Cracked bones in ear Hemorrhage in mandibular fat Air bubbles in liver, kidneys, bladder, and blood vessels Pulmonary emphysema * The last two are associated with acute decompression syndrome