1. Reactor Fundamentals Ray Ganthner Sr. Vice President AREVA NP “Role of Nuclear Power” 2007 Summer Workshop Washington and Lee University and the Council on Foreign Relations

2. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 2 Outline >Uranium Fuel and Usage >Fundamental Electricity Generation Cycle >Technology Options/Choices >The Commercial Nuclear Power Generation Industry Today

3. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 3 Uranium as Fuel Mining, Conversion, Generation

4. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 4 Uranium Ore Exploration

5. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 5 Uranium Global Resources

6. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 6 World Uranium Reserves >Australia24% >Kazakhstan17 >Canada13 >South Africa 9 >Russia 6 >Nambia 6 >US 4 >Niger 3 >Uzbekistan 3 Most Uranium currently comes from Canada, followed by Australia and Niger

7. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 7 World Uranium Production

8. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 8 Uranium Mine in Niger (Sahara Desert)

9. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 9 Conversion of Uranium Ore to “Yellow Cake”

10. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 10 COMURHEX – Malvesi U3O8 → UF4

11. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 11 COMURHEX – Pierrelatte UF4 → UF6

12. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 12 Centrifuge Enrichment Feed Enriched exit Depleted exit U235 is lighter and collects in the center (Enriched) U238 is heavier and collects on the outside walls (Depleted/Tails) Feed to Next Stage

13. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 13 Centrifuge Cascade

14. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 14 UF6 to UO2 Powder to Pellets

15. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 15 Fuel Pellets

16. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 16 Uranium Is Encased in Solid Ceramic Pellets after Enrichment

17. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 17 Nuclear Fuel Assembly Fuel Pellet

18. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 18 Fuel Assembly for Light Water Reactor

19. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 19 Fuel Assemblies are Inserted in Reactor Vessel

20. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 20 PWR Reactor Vessel 41 feet tall 14 feet ID 8.5 inch thick walls 665 tons

21. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 21 Typical PWR Reactor Pressure Vessel Description Technical Data Life time60 years Coolant pressure at reactor pressure vessel outlet during power operation 2250 psia Coolant temperature at reactor pressure vessel inlet at full load 563 F Coolant temperature at reactor pressure vessel outlet at full load 624 F Design pressure2550 psia Design temperature664 F CLHL

23. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 23 Pressurized Water Reactor PWR

24. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 24 Pressurized Water Reactor Plant

25. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 25 Pressurized Water Reactor Plant

26. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 26 Boiling Water Reactor BWR

27. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 27 Selection of Technology Options >Key Decisions  Fuel  Moderator  Cooling >US Path  Based on government prototypes  Navy Influence

28. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 28 A New Age Begins: 1950s >By 1950, several countries had operating nuclear reactors. Most were dedicated to research and “proof-of-principal.” >During the 1950s and early-1960s, many experimental and proto-type reactor designs were developed:  Liquid Metal Cooled (EBR-1)  Boiling Water (BORAX III, Dresden 1)  Pressurized Water (Shippingport, Yankee Rowe)  Gas Cooled (Calder Hall, Marcoule)  Heavy-Water Moderated (Zoe, NRX, NRU)  Liquid Metal Cooled, Graphite Moderated

29. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 29 Shippingport-1957 60 MWe

30. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 30 Technologies Emerge Based on National Resources and Government Policies >Light Water Reactors emerged as the dominant technology in the US. Factors were:  US navy reactors, which were of LWR design (predominantly PWR), were driving commercial designs.  LWR prototypes performed well, with the right mix of features that appealed to utilities. Compact reactor designs Inherent safety characteristics (negative power coefficient, negative void coefficient) Good economics Trained workers and lessons-learned from US Navy  U enrichment technology available at low cost.

31. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 31 >Successful CANDU design capitalizes on abundant uranium supplies and complete separation from weapons technology. >France and England adopted gas cooled natural U reactors due to lack of indigenous U separation technology. France adopted PWR technology only after a national commitment to U enrichment/separation facilities. Technologies Emerge Based on National Resources And Government Policies

32. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 32 Indian Point-1969 250 MWe Oyster Creek-1969 619MWe

33. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 33 Generation II Reactors >Based on the successes of prototype reactors, the next generation of high power LWRs were designed.  400 MWe to 600 MWe LWRs came on line in the late 1960s  800 MWe to 1000 MWe LWRs came on line in the 1970s  1000 MWe to 1450 MWe LWRs on line in 1980’s & 1990s >Each design was based on experience with the one before. >While standard designs were promoted in Canada, England and France, there was a lack of standardization in the US:  Babcock & Wilcox: 2-Loop PWRs with OTSGs  Combustion Engineering: 2-Loop PWRs with RSGs  General Electric: BWR/2, BWR/4, BWR/6  Westinghouse Electric: 2- 4 Loop

34. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 34 Current Situation >Worldwide 441 nuclear generation plants  104 operating in US (providing 20% of US electricity)  Predominantly Light Water Reactors (LWR) >Worldwide 27 reactors under construction  None in US >New reactor designs available (Generation III)  Improved safety  Improved economics >Generation IV reactors being developed  Gas or sodium cooled  Assist in “closing” the fuel cycle

35. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 35 Near-Term Generation III+ Designs For US >US EPR by AREVA >ESBWR and ABWR by General Electric >AP1000 by Westinghouse/Toshiba

36. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 36 Generation III Reactor Design Goals >Reduced construction time and cost. >Simplified to reduce operational cost. >Fleet-wide standard design and equipment. >Improved man-machine interface. Reduced operator burden. >Increased safety.

37. Reactor Fundamentals Ray Ganthner Sr. Vice President AREVA NP “Role of Nuclear Power” 2007 Summer Workshop Washington and Lee University and the Council on Foreign Relations

38. Backups for possible discussion.

39. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 39 Possible Locations for New Nuclear Plants

40. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 40 Source: Bjorn Lomborg – The Skeptical Environmentalist

41. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 41 Nuclear has very low life-cycle CO 2 emissions If we assume that nuclear electricity is used for uranium enrichment, rather than coal electricity, nuclear life-cycle emissions drop further

42. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 42 The COGEMA-La Hague plant

43. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 43

44. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 44 Recirculating Steam Generator

45. Reactor Fundamentals 2007 AREVA NP Inc. 45 A Typical Steam Generator