1. Basic Physical Examination in ENT – Head and Neck
Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
St. Luke’s Medical Center

2. EQUIPMENT
Chair with Head rest
Light Source
Instrument Cabinet

3. EQUIPMENT Head Mirror “leaves both hands free for examination”
“positioned over the left eye and close to the examiner’s face”

4. How to focus the head mirror
EQUIPMENT
How to focus the head mirror
The patient sits on the stool at the same level as the doctor.
Patient's legs should be to one side of the examiner.
The distance between the doctor and patient should not be more than 8 inches (Depending on the maximum focal length of head mirror).
Fix the mirror on the left eye so that part of the mirror touches the nose.
Adjust the mirror so that you are seeing through the hole. Close the right eye and focus the mirror by rotating it.
Open both the eyes.

5. EQUIPMENT Basic Instruments Ear specula Nasal Specula
Tongue depressors
Indirect laryngoscopy mirrors
Posterior Rhinoscopy mirrors
Nasal and aural forceps.
Tuning forks, 512 Hz, 1024 Hz
Otoscope

6. EAR EXAM

7. EAR EXAM

8. EAR EXAM
“ begin with inspection and palpation of the pinna (auricle) and structures surrounding the ear…”

9. OTOSCOPY
Otoscopy is used to visualize the ear canal/eardrum for the purpose of detecting abnormal conditions that might require further evaluation or treatment.

10. OTOSCOPY
“grasp and retract the pinna backward and upward in adults and downwards in infants…”

11. OTOSCOPY An - annulus fibrosus
Lpi  (long process of incus) - sometimes visible through a healthy translucent drum
Um  (umbo) - the end of the malleus handle and the centre of the drum
Lr  (light reflex) - antero-inferiorly
Lp  (Lateral process of the malleus)
At  (Attic) also known as pars flaccida
Hm  (handle of the malleus)

12. PNEMATIC OTOSCOPY
"allows the examiner to observe movement of the tympanic membrane directly". "If the tympanic membrane does not move perceptibly with applications of slight positive or negative pressure, a middle ear effusion is highly likely". (Bluestone and Klein, 1990)

13. PNEUMATIC OTOSCOPY

14. Indication: Differentiate type of Hearing Loss
TUNING FORK TEST
Indication: Differentiate type of Hearing Loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Conductive Hearing Loss

15. TUNING FORK TEST
Preparation
Tuning fork should be 512 Hz to 1024 Hz

16. WEBER TEST Technique: Tuning Fork placed at midline forehead
Normal: Sound radiates to both ears equally
Abnormal: Sound lateralizes to one ear
Ipsilateral Conductive Hearing Loss OR
Contralateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss

17. RINNE TEST Technique First: Bone Conduction Next: Air Conduction
Vibrating Tuning Fork held on Mastoid
Patient covers opposite ear with hand
Patient signals when sound ceases
Move the vibrating tuning fork over the ear canal (Near, but not touching the ear)
Next: Air Conduction
Patient indicates when the sound ceases

18. RINNE TEST Normal: Air Conduction is better than Bone Conduction
Air conduction usually persists twice as long as bone
Referred to as "positive test"
Abnormal: Bone conduction better than air conduction
Suggests Conductive Hearing Loss
Referred to as "negative test"

19. Test for Eustachian Tube Function
1. Valsalva Maneuver:
Method:
After taking a deep breath, the patient pinches his nose and closes his mouth in an attempt to blow air in his ears. Otoscopy shows movement of the drum.
Note: Failure of this test does not prove pathologic occlusion of the tube.
This maneuver in the presence of nasal and nasopharyngeal infection carries the danger of transmission of infection to the ear.
2. Toynbee's test:
It is safer and confirms normal tubal function.
Method: The nose is closed and the patient swallows. There is in drawing of the tympanic membrane, confirmed by otoscopy.

20. NOSE

21. EXAMINATION OF THE NOSE
The nose can be examined in three parts:
Examination of the external nose
Anterior Rhinoscopy
Posterior Rhinoscopy.

22. EXAMINATION OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE
Inspection:
Congenital deformities (Clefts)
Acquired Deformities
Shape
Swelling ( Inflammatory, cysts, tumors)
Ulceration ( Trauma, neoplastic, infective)
Palpation:
Tenderness
Crepitus
Deformities

23. Anterior Rhinoscopy Examination of the Vestibule Look for:
Boil or Abcess
Ulcerations and abrasions
Excoriation because of discharge.

24. ANTERIOR RHINOSCOPY
Examination of the nasal cavity using a nasal speculum:

25. POSTERIOR RHINOSCOPY Post Nasal Mirror:
It consists of a handle on which a small mirror is attached to shaft at an angle of 110.

26. POSTERIOR RHINOSCOPY Technique
Hold the mirror like a pen in the right hand.
Warm the mirror
Ask the patient to open the mouth.
Depress the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
Feel the warmth of the mirror on the back of the wrist. It should not be hot.
Introduce the mirror from the angle of the mouth over the tongue depressor and slide it behind the uvula. Avoid touching the posterior wall of the pharynx as it may trigger gagging.
Instruct the patient to breath through the nose.
Tilt the mirror in different direction tot see various structures of the nasopharynx.

27. POSTERIOR RHINOSCOPY

28. PARANASAL SINUSES

29. TRANSILLUMINATION TEST
Dim the room lights.
Place the lighted otoscope
directly on the infraorbital rim (bone just below the eye).
Ask the patient to open their
mouth and look for light
glowing through the mucosa
of the upper mouth.
Principle: In the setting of inflammation, the maxillary sinus becomes fluid filled and will not allow this transillumination.

30. ORAL CAVITY

31. ORAL CAVITY Tongue Check for: Common and taste sensations
Size: Macroglossia in acromegaly, Down's syndrome
Ulcers
Movements: Restricted in hypoglossal palsies, tumor infiltration
Fasciculation: Motor neuron disease
Depapillation: Vitamin deficiencies
Furrowing , as in geographic tongue
Coating: Thrush, black hairy tongue

32. ORAL CAVITY
Buccal Mucosa: Parotid duct opening Opposite upper 2nd molar), red or white patches, ulcers, moisture
Hard Palate: Swelling, ulcer, perforations, clefts etc.
Uvula: Position, deviations (Towards the normal side in palsies), ulcers
Floor of mouth: Wharton duct openings, ulcers, and bimanual palpation
Teeth and occlusion

33. OROPHARYNX
Soft Palate: Swelling, ulcer, movement, perforations, clefts etc.
Uvula: Position, deviations (Towards the normal side in palsies), ulcers
Tonsillar pillars: congestion, ulcers, patches.
Tonsils: Presence, size, crypts, ulcers
Posterior pharyngeal wall: Lymphoid follicles, ulcers.

34. LARYNGOSCOPY Definition
Visual exam of the voice box (larynx) and the vocal cords.
Laryngoscopy is also done to remove foreign objects stuck in the throat.

35. LARYNGOSCOPY There are two main kinds:
1.Indirect laryngoscopy - uses mirrors to examine the larynx and hypopharynx
2.Direct laryngoscopy - uses a special instrument (flexible or rigid scope)

36. INDIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY
Technique
Mirror is held like a pen in the right hand with the glass pointing downwards.
Warm the mirror and test the temperature on the back of the hand.
The patient is asked to stick out the tongue which is held with a piece of gauze.
The patient is asked to breath through the mouth.
The mirror is introduced into the mouth to the uvula which is gently pushed back to get a view of the larynx and the pyriform fossae.
The patient is asked to say 'Aaa' and 'Eee'.

37. INDIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY

38. HEAD AND NECK

39. NECK

40. LYMPH NODE LEVELS I--Submental and submandibular nodes
II--Upper jugulodigastric group
III--Middle jugular nodes draining the naso- and oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx, larynx.
IV--Inferior jugular nodes draining the hypopharynx, subglottic larynx, thyroid, and esophagus.
V-- Posterior triangle group
VI--Anterior compartment group

41. CERVICAL LYMPH NODES

42. THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS

43. SALIVARY GLANDS

44. THANK YOU