1. BLOOD AND BODY DEFENCE Dr. Amel Eassawi Dr. Abdelrahman Mustafa 1

2. HMIM 224 LAB 2 2

3. BLOOD GROUPING Principle Agglutination – clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen agglutinogen (antigen)+agglutinin(antibodies)

4. EQUPIMENT : 1 )Anti-A antibodies 2)Anti-B antibodies 3)Anti-D antibodies 4)Slides,. 5)Alcohol swab 6)Cotton wool 7)Puncture

5. MEHODES 1) Sterilization 2) Finger pricking 3)Put 3 drops of blood in the slides separately 4)Add the reagents to the blood drops 5)Mixing 6)Note the reactions

7. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

8. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a nonspecific measurement used to detect and monitor an inflammatory response to tissue injury (an acute phase) in which there is a change in the plasma concentration of several proteins (termed acute phase proteins).

9. Significance of the ESR It primarily reflects changes in the plasma proteins that accompany most the acute and chronic infections, tumors, and degenerative diseases. It may be used to follow the progress of certain diseases such as tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

10. Reagents and Equipment 1)Alcohol swab 2)Cotton wool 3)ESR measureing device 4)Westergreen tube. 5)Disposable pipettes 6)Westergren rack 7)Timer.

11. Procedures 1)Sterilization 2)Blood sampling 3)Fill the blood on of the bottom part of the tube 4)Make certain the Westergren ESR rack is exactly level. 5) Fill the Westergren tube to exactly the 0 mark. Making certain there are no air bubbles in the blood. 6)Place the tube in the rack. 7) Allow the pipette to stand for exactly 60 minutes. 8)At the end of 60 minutes records the number of millimeters the red blood cells have fallen. This result is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in millimeters/hour

12. Normal values: –Adult male 0-15 mm/hr –Adult female0-20 mm/hr

13. An increased ESR may be found in: 1.Pregnancy (after the third month). 2.Acute and chronic infections. 3.Rheumatic fever. 4.Rheumatoid arthritis. 5.Myocardial infection. 6.Nephrosis. 7.Acute hepatitis. 8.Menstruation. 9.Tuberculosis. 10.Hypothyroidism. 11.Hyperthyroidism.

14. A decreased ESR will be present in: 1.Polycythemia. 2.Congestive heart failure. 3.Hypofibrinogenemia.

15. Hematocrit Determination

16. Microhematocrit Hematocrit — Test that provides a health care worker with an estimate of the patient’s red cell volume. — Remember that the RBCs determine a person’s oxygen capacity. — A hematocrit measurement is used to screen for anemia, blood donation, evaluating therapies and treatment, as well as assessing blood loss. A hematocrit can be measured manually (microhematocrit) or by using a hematology analyzer. A hematocrit is included as part of a CBC (complete blood count).

17. Microhematocrit Reference Values Hematocrit Values — Hematocrits below normal can point to…… Anemia Current bleeding — Hematocrits above normal can point to….. Dehydration Polycythemia In a healthy person the hematocrit should be equal to the hemoglobin multiplied by 3. Example: If you have a hemoglobin of 15 g/dL your hematocrit should be around 45%.

18. Performing a Microhematocrit Performing a hematocrit — The sample of blood can be collected from a capillary puncture or from an EDTA tube collected from a venipuncture. — Capillary blood should be collected into a heparinized capillary tube. — All blood needs to be mixed thoroughly. — Clay can be used to seal the capillary tube o — Sealed tubes need to be centrifuged in a microhematocrit centrifuge.

19. Reading hematocrit Reading a hematocrit — You can determine the percent of RBCs in the sample by using a hematocrit reader.