1. Processes and OS basics

2. RHS – SOC 2 OS Basics An Operating System (OS) is essentially an abstraction of a computer As a user or programmer, I do not care too much about the specifics of a given com- puter – I think of a computer in abstract terms A bit like interfaces and implementations…

3. RHS – SOC 3 OS Basics A computer monitor…

4. RHS – SOC 4 OS Basics An Operating System shields us from dealing with concrete details of a computer We can think of a computer in terms of –A file system –Memory –Input/output devices …and not worry about details

5. RHS – SOC 5 OS Basics As application deve- lopers, we interface with the OS, not the hardware Still need a basic understanding of the way an OS works

6. RHS – SOC 6 OS Basics Main tasks for an OS: –Hardware operation –Software operation –Memory management –File system management –Security –Networking

7. RHS – SOC 7 Process management Software operation more specifically means process management What is a process…? A process is a running instance of a computer program Similar to the relation between a class and an object

8. RHS – SOC 8 Process management Class / Program –A specification of behavior –Passive collection of instructions –Only one definition –Resides in secondary storage (hard disk) Object / Process –A ”living” entity –Active execution of instructions –Multiple instances can coexist (usually) –Resides in primary storage (RAM)

9. RHS – SOC 9 Process management The OS manages the life-cycle of a process –Starting the process –Managing the process while active –Terminating the process

10. RHS – SOC 10 Process management The complexity of life-cycle management depends on the OS category Single-tasking OS – only one process can be active at any time Multi-tasking OS – many processes can be active at any time Almost all modern OS are multi-tasking – we will focus on that category

11. RHS – SOC 11 Process management In a multi-tasking OS, we can start many tasks, but only have one CPU available CPU resources – and other resources – must thus be shared among processes Managing this is a key OS task! A process may thus be in more states than just ”running” or ”not running”

12. RHS – SOC 12 Process life-cycle A multi-tasking OS will always include a process scheduler The process scheduler must decide when resources can be assigned to a specific process, thus making it able to execute

13. RHS – SOC 13 Process life-cycle Process scheduling is not trivial! What is the overall goal…? –Fairness –Responsiveness –Meeting a deadline –Minimising waiting time –…and other possible objectives

14. RHS – SOC 14 Process life-cycle In a modern OS, processes can be assigned a priority The lower priority, the fewer resources assigned to the process Enables the OS to do certain tasks ”in the background”, like –Virus scan –Disk defragmentation

15. RHS – SOC 15 Process life-cycle Starting a process: –First, the process is created – this involves loading a copy of the program from secondary storage into RAM –The process is then put in a waiting state by the process scheduler –The process will remain in the waiting state, until the resources needed by the process become available

16. RHS – SOC 16 Process life-cycle Running a process: –At some point, the needed resources ar assigned to the process, and the process can start executing. The process is now running –During the execution, the process can become blocked or again become waiting –A process becomes blocked if it has to wait for some other action to complete, like opening a file

17. RHS – SOC 17 Process life-cycle Terminating a process –At some point, the process has completed its task (perhaps stopped by user) –The state of the process then becomes terminated –The OS can then reclaim the memory used by the (now terminated) process

18. RHS – SOC 18 Process life-cycle Created WaitingBlocked RunningTerminated

19. RHS – SOC 19 Exercises What is the primary purpose of an operating system? What is the relation between a program and a process? Try to press Ctrl+Shift+Esc, which brings up the task manager. Go to Processes – how many processes are (approximately) running on your PC? How many of them can you recognise? What makes a multi-tasking OS complex? What type of priority should a Virus Scanner run with (high or low)?

20. RHS – SOC 20 Memory management A very important part of managing a process is memory management The OS has to make sure that memory is available in a transparent and efficient manner for the process The OS uses a technique called virtual memory for enable this

21. RHS – SOC 21 Memory management When a process is started, the OS will set up a virtual memory address space for the process The process only interacts with the virtual memory adress space The OS maps the virtual memory adress space to physical memory (either RAM or secondary storage, e.g hard drive)

22. RHS – SOC 22 Memory management

23. RHS – SOC 23 Memory management Since the OS cannot predict how much memory a process will need, it is typically given a large virtual address space 32-bit OS: Up to 4 GB Sum of virtual address spaces often much larger than available RAM

24. RHS – SOC 24 Memory management In the virtual address space, we have three types of data –Program data; the program itself –Stack data; data which is allocated when methods are called, etc. (local variables) –Heap data; data which is dynamically allocated, using the new statement

25. RHS – SOC 25 Memory management Program data Stack data Heap data

26. RHS – SOC 26 Memory management Using RAM as physical memory is much more efficient than using the hard drive OS will continuously try to map as much virtual memory to RAM as possible Memory is divided into pages (typically less than 1 Mb) – RAM can be considered a cache of most used pages

27. RHS – SOC 27 Memory management Whenever a process accesses (virtual) memory, the OS looks up the correspon- ding page of physical memory –If the page is already in RAM, fine (page hit) –If the page is in secondary storage, it is swapped into RAM (page fault) What page is then swapped out…?

28. RHS – SOC 28 Memory management A page fault is expensive, since it involves copying data from secondary storage OS tries to minimise number of page faults Usually, the OS will swap out the Least Recently Used (LRU) page

29. RHS – SOC 29 Memory management In general, data placement is always a compromise between speed and volume Most modern CPUs have several layers of internal memory, with a similar strategy for memory management Managed by the CPU, not the OS

30. RHS – SOC 30 Memory management

31. RHS – SOC 31 Memory management Other aspects of memory management –Security; preventing exploits such as buffer overruns or other malicious attacks –Inter-process communication; when two processes need to exchange data –Optimisation; OS cleans up memory when processes are terminated, and relocates memory to larger contiguous blocks

32. RHS – SOC 32 Exercises What are the advantages of using Virtual Memory address spaces? What happens if the running processes use more virtual memory than the amount of available physical memory? What is a page hit? a page fault? Why should the OS try to minimise the number of page faults? Can you think of other strategies for swapping out memory pages than the LRU (Least Recently Used) strategy? See if you can find some information about a modern CPU on the Internet (e.g Intel Core i7). How many layers of memory cache are on the chip? How much memory is in each layer?