1. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Gravity Wave Interactions with the 25 May 2008 Parkersburg, Iowa Supercell The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the National Weather Service. 2009 Severe Storms & Doppler Radar Conference

2. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Outline Mesoscale/gravity wave environment Mesoscale/gravity wave environment Gravity wave evidence/Nature of gravity waves Gravity wave evidence/Nature of gravity waves Web cam and Visible Satellite images Web cam and Visible Satellite images Gravity waves/spectrum width evidence Gravity waves/spectrum width evidence Gravity waves/mesocyclone evolution Gravity waves/mesocyclone evolution Closing comments Closing comments

3. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA MSLP, Surface Observations, Surface Analysis, and Visible Satellite Imagery, 2200 UTC 25 May 2008 MSLP, Surface Observations, Surface Analysis, and Visible Satellite Imagery, 2200 UTC 25 May 2008 (cyan arrow indicates location of Parkersburg) Analysis courtesy of SOO Karl Jungbluth Near storm environment values from SPC Mesoanalysis page compared to studies from Davies (2002) and Rasmussen (2003)

4. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Stable layer Visible satellite imagery indicated apparent gravity waves that initiated near Hastings and Hebron, Nebraska around 1500 UTC Visible satellite imagery indicated apparent gravity waves that initiated near Hastings and Hebron, Nebraska around 1500 UTC Consistent with the synoptic patterns favorable for gravity waves outlined in Schaub (2005), with the initiation region was just ahead of a cold front and in the right-rear quad of a 300-mb jet max. Consistent with the synoptic patterns favorable for gravity waves outlined in Schaub (2005), with the initiation region was just ahead of a cold front and in the right-rear quad of a 300-mb jet max. A proximity sounding near Fort Dodge, Iowa at 1700 UTC also indicated a stable layer below 800 mb conducive for ducted gravity waves Gravity waves are the oscillations of air parcels by the lifting force of buoyancy and the restoring force of gravity. Gravity Wave Environment RUC Bufkit Soundings 21z/22z at Waterloo

5. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Koch and O’Handley (1997) developed a “duct factor”, which is a measure of the duct strength in the stable layer, and the degree of conditional instability in the 700-mb to 400-mb layer. Values approached 20 degrees C near Parkersburg at 2200 UTC, more than sufficient to support gravity wave development and propagation. Koch and Saleeby (2001) indicated a Duct Factor of 10 to 15 would support strong ducting

6. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Surrounding surface observations indicate this feature was not an outflow boundary, as there was no significant change in wind speed and direction, or temperature and dewpoint associated with small scale radar features Surrounding surface observations indicate this feature was not an outflow boundary, as there was no significant change in wind speed and direction, or temperature and dewpoint associated with small scale radar features The speed of propagation (around 50-60 kts) was faster than the mean wind in the layer (WSW under 30 kts) The speed of propagation (around 50-60 kts) was faster than the mean wind in the layer (WSW under 30 kts) The stable layer necessary for continued ducting of the gravity waves was likely well elevated at least initially (FOD sounding), perhaps explaining why there were no significant pressure perturbations in this area. The atmosphere would also have a difficult time responding with significant pressure changes given the fast movement of the waves. (Coleman, 2009) The stable layer necessary for continued ducting of the gravity waves was likely well elevated at least initially (FOD sounding), perhaps explaining why there were no significant pressure perturbations in this area. The atmosphere would also have a difficult time responding with significant pressure changes given the fast movement of the waves. (Coleman, 2009) As the waves approached Parkersburg, proximity soundings indicate the stable layer lowering, and pressure perturbations were noted at several locations As the waves approached Parkersburg, proximity soundings indicate the stable layer lowering, and pressure perturbations were noted at several locations Gravity Wave Evidence/Nature of Gravity Waves

7. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA ASOS observations at the Waterloo Airport indicate a familiar pattern associated with gravity waves, with surface pressure rises near the wave ridge and pressure falls near the wave trough (Schaub 2005 ASOS observations at the Waterloo Airport indicate a familiar pattern associated with gravity waves, with surface pressure rises near the wave ridge and pressure falls near the wave trough (Schaub 2005 ) 2142Z PRESRR SPECI KALO 252142Z 16011G18KT 5SM HZ BKN017 24/21 A2971 RMK AO2 LTG DSNT W-N PRESRR 2154Z PRESFR METAR KALO 252154Z 14014KT 5SM VCTS HZ SCT019 BKN023 BKN028 24/21 A2967 RMK AO2 LTG DSNT SW-N TSB50 PRESFR SLP044 T02390206 2235z 81kt wind gust Initial tornado at 2146Z south of Aplington tornado moves into Parkersburg at 2156Z 1-minute Pressure perturbations from ASOS/AWOS sites around Parkersburg

8. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Tama webcam loop from Iowa Environmental Mesonet Visible Imagery from 2140 Z T

9. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA 1 st wave 2 nd wave wave movement Visible satellite imagery, 1955 UTC 25 May 2008 Storms fired just east of Fort Dodge around 2000 UTC, right after the second gravity wave moved through, and near a pre-frontal trough

10. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA T Visible satellite imagery, 2140 UTC By 2140 UTC, just prior to tornado formation, the lead gravity wave had pushed east of the primary warm front, which extended north to south near the location of the first tornado 2 nd gravity wave not apparent on visible imagery, position estimated from Spectrum Width data

11. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Visible Satellite Imagery Loop 1915Z - 2115Z

12. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA T The lead gravity wave continued to hold together as it moved northeast of Parkersburg, but the second wave had become imperceptible using base reflectivity and velocity data, and visible satellite imagery The lead gravity wave continued to hold together as it moved northeast of Parkersburg, but the second wave had become imperceptible using base reflectivity and velocity data, and visible satellite imagery However, an analysis of WSR-88D spectrum width data revealed that the second wave was still intact through the time when the first tornado developed However, an analysis of WSR-88D spectrum width data revealed that the second wave was still intact through the time when the first tornado developed The tornado developed just after the second wave (dashed yellow line) passed. A nearly stationary fine line (red solid line) likely indicates the position of the primary north- to-south oriented warm front 0.5 degree Spectrum Width, 2141 UTC (yellow T indicates location of initial tornado ~2146 UTC

13. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA 0.5 deg Spectrum Width Loop 2100Z – 2217Z

14. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Coleman and Knupp(2008) reviewed a number of cases in which gravity waves intersected with supercell thunderstorms, and presented evidence that a gravity wave can act to strengthen a mesocyclone in two ways: 1) wind convergence ahead of wave ridges causes enhanced stretching of vertical vorticity and 2) enhancement of streamwise horizontal vorticity in the storm inflow, which is then tilted into the vertical. Wave motion SR Inflow vector 25 May 2008 situation

15. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA 2141Z 2146Z 2137Z2132Z Interaction between the 2 nd gravity wave and mesocyclone

16. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA 0.5 deg SRM Loop 2100Z – 2217Z

17. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Closing Comments Difficult to determine precise contribution of gravity waves to mesocyclone intensification in this case, given the ideal environmentDifficult to determine precise contribution of gravity waves to mesocyclone intensification in this case, given the ideal environment No other storms in the area became tornadic…did the gravity waves jump start the process, or was that storm simply in the best mesoscale environment with unrestricted inflow? No other storms in the area became tornadic…did the gravity waves jump start the process, or was that storm simply in the best mesoscale environment with unrestricted inflow? These gravity waves were identified well before the Parkersburg tornado…but very difficult to project ahead when and where the waves will be interacting with important features. Increased role for SWAN?These gravity waves were identified well before the Parkersburg tornado…but very difficult to project ahead when and where the waves will be interacting with important features. Increased role for SWAN? Future research: What are the differences in contribution to mesocyclone intensification between elevated gravity waves, and those based in the storm inflow layer?Future research: What are the differences in contribution to mesocyclone intensification between elevated gravity waves, and those based in the storm inflow layer?

18. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Acknowledgements Karl Jungbluth, WFO Des Moines Science OfficerKarl Jungbluth, WFO Des Moines Science Officer Marc Russell, WFO Dodge City Forecaster/Marc Russell, WFO Dodge City Forecaster/ Former WFO Des Moines Met. Intern WFO Des Moines StaffWFO Des Moines Staff Dr. Tim Coleman, University of Alabama-HuntsvilleDr. Tim Coleman, University of Alabama-Huntsville

19. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA Gravity Wave Interactions with the 25 May 2008 Parkersburg, Iowa Supercell The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the National Weather Service. 2009 Severe Storms & Doppler Radar Conference Any questions? Rich.Kinney@noaa.gov

20. National Weather Service Des Moines, IA References Coleman T.A., Knupp K.R., 2008: The Interactions of Gravity Waves with Mesocyclones: Preliminary Observations and Theory. Monthly Weather Review: In Press ___________, 2009: Personal communication. Davies, J.M., 2002: On low-level thermodynamic parameters associated with tornadic and non-tornadic supercells. Preprints, 21 st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 603-606. Koch, S. E., and C. O’Handley, 1997: Operational forecasting and detection of mesoscale gravity waves. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 253-281. ________, and S. Saleeby, 2001: An automated system for the analysis of gravity waves and other mesoscale phenomena. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 661-679. Rasmussen, E.N., 2003: Refined supercell and tornado forecast parameters. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 530–535. Schaub, Jr., W.R.: Gravity Waves: Those Important to Operational Weather Forecasting. Forecasting Note, 28 February, 2005.