1. Green Computing Power Management Standards Maziar Goudarzi

2. Outline 2 Acknowledgements Some slides/parts from http://impact.asu.edu/cse591sp11/PowerState1_BL_MP.pptx and http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDD50/ APM: Advanced Power Management ACPI: Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

3. APM: Advanced Power Management API by intel & Microsoft in 1992 OS – BIOS (firmware) communication & work Main drawback –BIOS-based –Standard 3

4. Firmware former usage Initial power management mechanisms – Implemented on device firmware – Firmware did most of the work – Example: Firmware reliance not good –A call can take long time or never return –OS stability is dependent on firmware quality Andrew Grover. Modern System Power Management. ACM Queue vol. 1, no. 7 (October 2003), 66-72.

5. تمرین اضافی برنامه ای بنویسید که کار با APM و کاربردهایش را نشان دهد. نتایج کاهش مصرف انرژی را گزارش کنید. متن برنامه و گزارش نتایج را تحویل دهید. 5

6. Advanced Configuration and Power Management 6

7. Overview ACPI definitions Energy efficiency through better control of ACPI power states A few Examples on power savings using ACPI 7

8. What is ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Management Specification: –ACPI is part of all the Operating Systems, and it allows the operating system to control the amount of power given to each device attached to the system. 8 Its all about giving parts of computer some sleep……

9. Advanced Configuration and Power Interface(ACPI) Specification –Holistic approach for computer system energy conservation –Created by HP, Intel, Microsoft, Phoenix and Toshiba OS-directed configuration and power management (OSPM) –Governs all system and device power state transitions –Aware of user preferences and applications requirements Defines –Hardware/software interfaces and data structures –State definitions –ASL & AML languages 9

10. Goals Configuration and power management –For desktop, laptops, workstation and servers Enhanced functionality and robustness at OS-level –Inexpensive power managed hardware –Better power management decisions –Reduction of conflicts between OS and firmware Robust interface for configuring motherboard devices Promotion of industry-wide adoption 10

11. Functional areas Power management System, device, and processor Performance management Device and processor Configuration / Plug & Play System events Battery management Thermal management All controlled by OSPM –OSPM: OS-directed configuration and power management 11

12. ACPI- Global States Global states are applied to the entire system and are visible to the User: G0: Working state G1: Sleeping State or Standby. G2: Soft Off. G3: Mechanical Off. 12

13. ACPI Global System State System context –Software loaded in memory and state of devices G0 and G1 keep the context G2 and G3 only keep the context if sleeping state S4 is used –S4 saves context in non volatile memory 13

14. ACPI Sleeping States Sleeping states within global system sleeping state G1 14

15. ACPI Sleeping States S states – affect the whole system –S0 – working –S1 – processor stops, idle hardware powered down –S2 – CPU, Caches powered off –S3 – Standby/Sleep, Suspend to RAM –S4 – Hibernate, Suspend to Disk –S5 – Soft Off 15

16. ACPI Device Power States Applies to each device and generally not visible by the user Independent of global system state D states – individual device state –D0 – fully on –D1, D2 – intermediate states –D3 – powered off 16

17. ACPI Device Power States D1 and D2 optional D1, D2, and D3hot defined by each device class 17

18. ACPI CPU Power States Power consumption and thermal management states –Within global working state G0 Latency –C1 must be as low as not considered –C2 and C3 must report latency via ACPI firmware –OSPM can decide if it is worth to switch 18

19. ACPI Power States- CPU C state – CPU state –C0 – working –C1 – halted, not executing instructions –C2 – clock stopped –C3 – sleep 19

20. ACPI CPU Performance States P state – changing the performance of CPU, or device such as GPU, by switching between different Frequency and Voltages to modulate power consumption. –P0 – full speed, frequency, voltage, etc –P1 – slower than P0 –… –Pn – up to 15 20

21. 21 Main view of power states The image belongs to the ACPI 4.0a specification

23. Power Saving Techniques – Using P state transitions (Race to Idle) Power efficiency of P states is not linear –Example (not realistic for simplicity): P0 is 2MHz and uses 30 watts P1 is 1MHz and uses 20 watts 10000 cycles of work to be done: –P0 power usage = 10000 / 2MHz * 30 watts =.15 watt seconds –P1 power usage = 10000 / 1MHz * 20 watts =.20 watt seconds Use P0 state to complete the work and return to idle sooner Known as “race to idle”. Race to idle > Other P states

24. Power Saving Techniques – C State (only applies to CPU) “Tickless idle” technique: –Delay scheduled events as long as possible in order to do all work at once, and go back to sleep. –Sleep longer, save energy. Option 1: –For current kernel, the C0 to C1 transitions, hundreds of times per second. Option 2 : C0 to C2 transitions. –Power required is less but wake up time is more. 24

25. Research(-like) Questions: Power Profiling of Computing Platform 25 Power Profiling of the entire platform for different workloads such as CPU intensive, memory intensive or network intensive. Can workload assignment match the nature of the workload to the power profile of the system. Measurement of Power Consumption of CPU in each of C and P states. Determine the performance cost and power cost of transition to C0 from any other state? Can server load prediction be used to choose C states more effectively?

26. Research(-like) questions D and P states (Devices) The D and P states supported by a device are dependent upon the device implementation. It's performance and overhead characteristics are all device dependent. Can load prediction be used to choose device states more effectively? Can awareness of the nature of the load help to choose the particular computing system? 26

27. Power Profiling of Components – D and P states The same technique can be applied to other devices –NIC, Hard disk, etc. –Give them work to do –Oscillate power state –Measure the performance and power changes 27

28. Power Profiling– C States Measure power at the CPU instead of at the power supply Measure power usage of each state –Measure C0 by loading the processor to 100% –Test C1-C3 by locking it into a halt state (unrecoverable) Measure power usage as states transition –50% C0, 50% C1 (or C2, C3) –Increasing frequency of transition will reduce performance –This curve can be used to calculate transition time –Compare to continuous C state power usage –Determines power consumption of state transitions Will require modifying Linux kernel 28

29. ACPI Architecture 29

30. ASL & AML Languages ACPI defines two languages –ACPI Source Language (ASL) Human readable source code –ACPI Machine Language (AML) Interpreted language Describes hardware and steps to reach it ACPI defines abstract control methods for devices –Example: _BST retrieves battery status System firmware provides AML code –Include information about the devices –Implements control methods 30

31. ACPI Firmware usage Advantages –Less opaque and debugable –Can run concurrently and does not block the system –Less constrained in size than firmware code 31

32. Implementation Structure 32

33. More info and an example available in the slide from Linkoping university Green computing:Power management Presented by: Jordi Cucurull Department of Computer and Information Science (IDA) Linköpings universitet Sweden 33

34. Summary Introduction to ACPI How ACPI can be used to reduce power A few investigation proposals 34

35. Additional information ACPI Specification –http://www.acpi.infohttp://www.acpi.info The ACPI Component Architecture Project –http://www.acpica.org/http://www.acpica.org/ ACPI FAQ for Linux implementation –http://www.columbia.edu/~ariel/acpi/acpi_how to.txt 35

36. تمرین اضافی Using ACPI to monitor power # watch -n1 'cat /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/*‘ –This requires ACPI to be enabled. The value given is (roughly) an average over the last minute. Alternatively, load the tp_smapi module and run the following with AC power unplugged:tp_smapi # watch -n1 'cat /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0/power_now‘ or # watch -n1 'cat /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0/power_avg' –The former provides the instantaneous power draw, and the latter is (roughly) an average over the last minute. It's OK to use tp_smapi's force_discharge function instead of physically disconnecting AC power.tp_smapi 36 http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_measure_power_consumptionhttp://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_measure_power_consumption for ThinkPad laptops