1. USE OF SPACE: TERRITORY AND HABITAT SELECTION

2. Some basics of Natural Selection Evolution – pattern of change Natural Selection – process by which evolution occurs -change in gene frequency in a population Sexual Selection – subset of natural selection dealing with different reproductive interests of the sexes

3. Some basics of Natural Selection Individuals do not evolve Evolutionary change happens through the differential reproduction of organisms with different suites of characteristics

4. Behavioural Ecology - Look at costs and benefits Cost –any factor that reduces reproductive success (directly or indirectly) Benefit –any factor that increases reproductive success (directly or indirectly) Strategy – a set of behavioural courses of action with a given survival value under a particular set of conditions In a successful strategy C < B or CBCB <1

5. Territory vs. Home Range

7. Territory - an area occupied by an animal or group of animals from which others are excluded by aggression or threat

8. Functional Classification of Territories Mating Territory

9. Functional Classification of Territories Breeding Territory

10. Functional Classification of Territories Feeding Territory Greater Shearwater (Puffinis gravis)

11. Functional Classification of Territories Multipurpose Territory

12. Territory - Participation Level Individual

13. Territory - Participation Level Pair

14. Territory - Participation Level Group

15. Territory - Structure Size affected by: 1)Species 2)Function MatingBreedingFeedingMultipurpose

16. Territory - Structure Size affected by: 1)Species 2)Function 3) Body Size Log body size Log territory size

17. Territory - Structure Size affected by: 1)Species 2)Function 3)Body Size 4)Food habits Non predator Predator

18. Territory - Structure Size affected by: 1)Species 2)Function 3)Body Size 4)Food habits 5)Age

19. Territory - Structure Size affected by: 1)Species 2)Function 3)Body Size 4)Food habits 5)Age 6)Population density 7)Predator pressure 8)Food abundance Size Population density or Predator pressure or Food abundance

20. Territory - Structure Defining the Boundaries Tendency to fight Tendency to flee Tendency High Low Distance from centre of territory Tendency FightFlee Boundary

21. Territory - Advertising Modalities Visual

22. Territory - Advertising Modalities Acoustic

23. Territory - Advertising Modalities Chemical

24. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Quality Distribution High Low SparseClumped Defendability

25. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution (Holldobler & Lumsden, 1980) Honey Ant Myrmecocystus mimicus Harvester Ant Pogonomymex barbatus Weaver Ant Oecophylla longinoda Insects in vegetation Uniform distribution in space and stable over time Patches of seeds on the ground Patchy distribution in space and stable over time Termites under dung Patchy distribution in space and unstable over time What kind of territory is most effective for each??

26. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution (Holldobler & Lumsden, 1980) Honey Ant - Myrmecocystus mimicusHarvester Ant - Pogonomymex barbatusWeaver Ant - Oecophylla longinoda Insects in vegetationPatches of seeds on the groundTermites under dung 3 dimensional territory multiple nests Central nest temporary foraging trails Temporary territory around resource

27. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Territory Size costs benefits Costs or benefits xy x = smallest economically defendable territory y = largest economically defendable territory Z Z = territory with the greatest net benefit

28. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Territory Size costs benefits Costs or benefits xyZ = increased costs Z’Z’ decrease territory size y’y’

29. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Territory Size costs benefits Costs or benefits xyZ = increased benefits Z’Z’ decrease territory size x’x’

30. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Currency - what is being optimized - maximum net calorie intake ? - maximum net nutrient intake ? - minimize daily variation in food intake ? - decrease exposure to predators? - maximize the number of mates attracted? An currency is optimized within the context of the overall energy budget

31. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi)

32. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi)

33. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi) Day 1Day 7 Flowers Territories 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 20 15 10 5 0

34. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Case study #1 - Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufusi) Log Territory Size Log Flower Density Predicted Observed

35. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Log Territory Size Log Floral Unit Density Predicted Observed

36. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Motacilla alba Pied wagtail

37. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution

38. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Motacilla alba Renewal time = 40 mins

39. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Motacilla alba Renewal time = 20 mins

40. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Resource quality and distribution Motacilla alba Food supplyBehaviour Very low- feed elsewhere - return to evict intruders Moderate - stay & feed on territory - evict intruders High- share territory with satellite Very high- feed on territory - no attempts to defend

41. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Costs of holding a territory Territory holder Satellite Mnais pruinosa Lifespan (days)

42. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Costs of holding a territory Yarrow’s spiny lizard Experimentals Controls Capture in non-territorial season Implant with testosterone capsule Release Implant with empty capsule Release Capture in non-territorial season

43. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Costs of holding a territory Yarrow’s spiny lizard Time of Day 060012001800 Implants Controls % active

44. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Costs of holding a territory Yarrow’s spiny lizard Days 010203040506070 Implants Controls % alive Controls + supplement

45. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Costs of holding a territory Side blotched lizard

46. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Costs of holding a territory Side blotched lizard YellowBlueOrange Testosterone level Survivorship OrangeBlueYellow Large territories, multiple females Small territories, one female No territory, ‘sneaker’

47. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Benefits of holding a territory American redstart Setophaga ruticilla Winter territories

48. Territory - Economics and Costs vs Benefits Benefits of holding a territory American redstart Setophaga ruticilla Winter territories AprilMay 1230 1 15 % Departing Mangrove residents Forest residents