1. IRTools Software Overview Gregory B. Newby UNC Chapel Hill gbnewby@ils.unc.edu

2. Download & Participate IRTools is a work in progress. Check back in the spring for more software and test cases. Currently, only some parts work Want to help? We use CVS for distributed development Our project page: http://sourceforge.net/projects/irtools

3. Design Principles For IR Researchers A programming toolkit, not an IR system Implements major approaches to IR (Boolean, VSM, Probabilistic & LSI) Scalable to billions of documents High performance algorithms and structures Expandable Documented: http://ils.unc.edu/tera

4. Major Components SpiderIndexerRetrieval Engine Gathers documents on the live Web Builds internal representations of documents Processes queries and generates results

5. Implementation Mostly in C++, using the GNU compiler Uses the Standard Template Library Tested on Solaris & Linux (Alpha & 386) Designed for modularity, so IR researchers can add their own components

6. Why Might You use IRTools? If you have your own IR software, there’s probably no need If you are looking for experimental IR software, this might be a good alternative (goal: to be suitable for general use in mid- 2002) IRTools should be useful for classroom use and demonstration For production use, consider ht://dig

7. Design Snippet: Word List The Berkeley DB is used to store the term  termID lookup table A single file, accessed by hash in a B+ tree struct term_termID { char * term irt_int termID }

8. Design Snippet: 1 st Inverted Index File Binary file with fixed-length records Accessed by termid*sizeof(struct) offset Gives basic info needed for weighting Points to more files for inverted entries (the actual documents for this term) Some duplication (e.g., meantf ) to prevent additional I/O

9. Design Snippet: 1 st Inverted Index File s truct inv_file1 { irt_int termID irt_int term_doccount // Frequency irt_int meantf // For weighting irt_int nt // # terms in this doc irt_int file2_location // File for // entries irt_int starting_offset // File 2 loc irt_int entry_count // # occurrences // of this term // in file 2 }

10. Design Snippet: 2 nd Inverted Index File Info about documents with this term Using Page Rank, best docs can be listed earliest (avoiding subsequent disk I/O) Multiple 2 nd files for larger collections struct inv_file2 { irt_int termID // Sanity check irt_int file_location // Next file irt_int starting_offset, num_entries // As for file1 }

11. Design Snippet: 2 nd Inverted Index File For each document with this term: struct inv_docentry { irt_int term_in_doc_count // For weighting: irt_int doc_unique_terms irt_Int doc_total_terms // 3 rd file offset irt_int file3_location }

12. Design Snippet: 3 nd Inverted Index File This lists a term’s locations in documents irt_int termID // Sanity check Followed by terms_in_doc_count irt_ints indicating the positions of this term in this document Usable for a NEAR operator

13. Planned & Current Components Current Various stemmers and stoplists Various weighting schemes Sparse matrix formats for LSI etc. Boolean AND & OR TREC output Visual interfaces Designed & Planned Page Rank Integrated spider Boolean NEAR Update & delete entries Concurrent retrieval engine clients Concurrent indexers

14. Global Collection Variables maxn :highest # of terms in any doc maxUn : highest # unique terms Nterms : total known terms Ndocs : total known documents

15. Design Snippet: Boolean Candidate Merging Works for OR or AND Min. disk I/O (needed for inverted index only) Doesn’t require inverted index to be sorted in docID order The STL map can be problematic for more than about 20K candidates; using documents that are Page Rank’ed can help shrink the candidate set (and speed up everything) Start with terms with the lowest frequency; we only continue until we have enough hits

16. Design Snippet: Boolean Candidate Merging irt_int NFULL=0 // stop with enough hits vector full // docIDs w. all q terms map // Candidates struct candidate_info { // For each doc irt_int docID // this doc’s ID nt // # terms in this doc for weighting meantf // mean tf in this doc for weighting float [NQUERYTERMS] tf // For weighting irt_short qtcount // # query terms in doc } The map eliminates sorting! We must allocate memory for every candidate

17. Design Snippet: LSI & Information Space We use a modified Harwell-Boeing sparse matrix format on disk (modified = binary files) Berry’s svdpackc has been integrated We’re doing scaling experiments now. Scaling is a major challenge for LSI One solution: do smaller eigensystem problems on candidate subset on the fly, rather than pre-computing the entire collection’s semantic space. But this eliminates possibly interesting documents!

18. Hyperlink Map The hyperlink map is a sparse asymmetric matrix, size is D x D We use a modified Harwell-Boeing format to store the matrix A similar index file structure to the inverted index gives us rapid access to any document’s link list We must store both sides of the matrix

19. Web Document Metadata Items stored during spidering. These are kept in a Berkeley DB B+ hash file, with the document URL (or name) as key Docname // key docID HTTP last update as reported Our last visit/update HTTP-reported size Checksum (simple) # links out

20. Design Snippet: tokenizer The tokenizer reads files (via spider or local disk) Goal: Few passes through the file Goal: Any character set Process: Keep a static array of word boundaries Keep a static array of tag delimiters (<) Fold everything to lower case termID lookup can happen now or later Simple transformations (like ditching extra white space) can happen now