1. French Territory of St. Pierre CSE 114 – Computer Science I Arrays

2. Arrays An array is an single-named and ordered collection of data values of the same type. –Why is this important? We can store multiple data values (primitive types or objects) easily We can add to, change, remove from, and refer to this data dynamically Declaration of 7 double s and 100 int s: double score1, … score7; int grade1, grade2, … grade100; Declaration/Instantiation of size of array: double[] score; score = new double[7]; int[] grade = new int[100]; Reserves memory for this much data

3. double[] score; score = new double[7]; Arrays in Memory … 012…99 grade: 0123456 score: indexes values int[] grade = new int[100];

4. int index; for (index=0; index<7; index++) score[index] = 6.0; Assign values to and access values from array variables using a subscript (index): grade[12] = 79; grade[13] = grade[12] + 10; Array assignments 89… 012…99 grade: 79… …13 6.0 0123456 score: 6.0 NOTE: Array subscripts start with 0!!!! An array of size N has subscripts 0, 1, …, N-1.

5. More about Arrays Array size is static (cannot change after instantiation) BUT array size does not have to be defined with a constant: int[] grade; int numGrades; System.out.println ("How many grades do you have?"); numGrades = keyboard.nextInt(); grade = new int[numGrades]; Initializing arrays: double[] price = {1.25, 3.15, 2.08}; int[] areaCode = new int[10]; int j; for (j=0; j<10; j++) areaCode[j]=631; What’s wrong with this? for (j=0; j<=10; j++) areaCode[j]=631; ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

6. Arrays and Objects An array is an object (basically): int[] grade = new int[5]; grade[0] grade[1] grade[2] MEMORY grade etc… public instance variable: length length represents the capacity of an array for (j=0; j<grade.length; j++) grade[j] = 100-j; 100 99 98

7. Subscript out of Range Error Using a subscript larger than length-1 or smaller than 0 causes a run time (not a compiler) error –an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is thrown you need to fix the problem and recompile your code Other programming languages, e.g. C and C++, do not even cause a run time error! –one of the most dangerous characteristics of these languages is that they may allow out of bounds array indexes.

8. Array length length is specified when an array is created with new –determines the amount of memory allocated –determines the maximum number of elements (capacity) storage is allocated whether or not the elements are assigned values What would be the output? double[] score = new double[7]; System.out.println(score.length); The length is set when an array is constructed and cannot be changed unless the array is _______________ When an array is reconstructed all data is lost. 7 reconstructed.

9. Array size The size of a data structure refers to the number of valid elements that are in the structure (like an array) –There is no automatic mechanism to detect how many elements have been placed in an array. So what should we do? You, the programmer need to keep track! int numGrades = 0; int[] grade = new int[100]; char input; do { System.out.print("Enter a grade: " ); grade[numGrades] = Keyboard.readInt(); numGrades++; System.out.print("Continue? (y/n) "); input = keyboard.nextChar(); } while (input != 'n'); // HOW MANY ELEMENTS ARE THERE NOW? numGrades

10. Parameter Passing and Arrays public class Exchange {public static void swap(int x, int y) {int temp = x; x = y; y = temp; } OUTPUT: 1 3 5 7 9 - the swap doesn’t work! WHY? ints are Call-by-Value! public class SwapPrimitivesDriver {public static void main(String args[]) {int index; int[] num = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}; Exchange.swap(num[1], num[3]); for (index=0; index<num.length; index++) System.out.print(num[index] + " "); System.out.println(); }

11. Parameter Passing and Arrays (cont’d) public class Exchange {public static void swap(int[] number, int a, int b) {int temp = number[a]; number[a] = number[b]; number[b] = temp; } OUTPUT: 1 7 5 3 9 IT WORKS! WHY? Arrays are Call-by-Reference! public class SwapUsingArraysDriver {public static void main(String[] args) {int index; int[] num = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}; Exchange.swap(num, 1, 3); for (index=0; index<num.length; index++) System.out.print(num[index] + " "); System.out.println(); }

12. Another Game-Playing Object public class PlayingCard { private char suit; private int rank; public PlayingCard(char initSuit, int initRank) { if ( ( initSuit == ‘C’ || initSuit ==‘D’ || initSuit == ‘H’ || initSuit ==‘S’ ) && ( initRank >= 1 && initRank <= 13 ) ) { suit = initSuit; rank = initRank; } } public char getSuit(){return suit;} public int getRank() {return rank;} }

13. PlayingDeck using an Array of Objects public class PlayingDeck { private PlayingCard[] deck; private int numCards = 52; public PlayingDeck() { int cardNum = 0; int suitNum, rankNum; char suitChar; deck = new PlayingCard[numCards];

14. // deck of cards is NOT CREATED YET!!! for (suitNum=1; suitNum<=4; suitNum++) { switch(suitNum) { case 1: suitChar=‘C’; break; case 2: suitChar=‘D’; break; case 3: suitChar=‘H’; break; case 4: suitChar=‘S’; break; } for (rankNum=1; rankNum<=13; rankNum++) { deck[cardNum] = new PlayingCard(suitChar, rankNum); cardNum++; } } // NOW IT IS!!! } // Other methods here }

15. Arrays and Java Arrays are used similarly in most high-level languages Array: more than a primitive type, less than an object –methods are invoked by their special subscript notation [i] most programmers do not even think of them as methods –an array variable stores a memory address works like objects when used as method arguments and return types –arrays do not have or use inheritance Arrays are a natural fit for loops, especially for loops JDK has class implementations, but you may not use them in this course: –Array, ArrayList, Arrays

16. Using == with arrays if(b == a) o.println("a equals b"); else o.println("a does not equal b"); The output for this code will be " a does not equal b " because the addresses of the arrays are not equal. a a[0] a[1] a[2] etc… b b[0] b[1] b[2] PrintStream o = System.out; int i; int[] a = new int[3]; int[] b = new int[3]; for(i=0; i < a.length; i++) a[i] = i; for(i=0; i < b.length; i++) b[i] = i; 0 1 2 0 1 2 MEMORY etc…

17. Methods that Return an Array Another example of using reference (address) Actually, the array is not returned. –The address of the array is returned Example: vowels() method constructs and returns an array public static char[] vowels() {char[] newArray = new char[5]; newArray[0] = 'a'; newArray[1] = 'e'; newArray[2] = 'i'; newArray[3] = 'o'; newArray[4] = 'u'; return newArray; } public static void main(String args[]) { char[] c = vowels(); for(int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) System.out.print(c[i]); }

18. The heading for the main method shows a parameter that is an array of String s: public static void main(String[] args) When running a program from the command line, words after the class name are passed to the main method in the args array. java TestProgram Josephine Student For example, if the output from the command line were sent to: Arguments for the main Method public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(“Hello “ + args[0] + “ “ + args[1]); } Hello Josephine Student Output:

19. null cities[0] cities[1] cities[2] cities[3] cities[4] cities etc… MEMORY etc… Example of a Partially Filled Array Garbage values //counter has a value of 3 //cities.length has a value of 5 int counter = 0; cities[0] = “Boston”; counter++; cities[1] = “El Paso”; counter++; cities[2] = “Denver”; counter++; char c = cities[3].charAt(1); NullPointerException Runtime Error! “ Boston” “ El Paso” “ Denver” String[] cities = new String[5]; Last element, counter - 1

20. Multidimensional Arrays An array can have more than one "dimension" (subscript) Construction: int numExams = 5; int numStudents = 10; int[][] grade = new int[numExams][numStudents]; Assigning Values: grade[1][6] = 92; Accessing Values: int num = grade[1][6]; A 2-D array corresponds to a table or grid –one dimension is the row –the other dimension is the column –cell: an intersection of a row and column –an array element corresponds to a cell in the table

21. Multidimensional Arrays (cont’d) Calculate the average grade on Exam 0. sum = 0; for (i=0; i<10; i++) sum += grade[0][i]; average = Math.round(sum/10.0); A 2-dimensional array is really an array of arrays. (Each row is an array.) Each row does not have to have the same number of elements. ("ragged array")

22. Multidimensional Arrays (cont’d) Calculate the average grade over all exams: int rows = 5, columns = 10; int [][] grade = new int[rows][columns]; double sum = 0.0, average = 0.0;; for (int i=0; i<rows; i++) for (int j=0; j<columns; j++) sum += grade[i][j]; average = Math.round(sum/(rows * columns));