1. Outcome #3

2. SHARP Swelling – an increase in size of part of the body, typically as a result of injury, infection, or other medical condition. Swelling should begin to go down after a couple of days under normal conditions. Heat- how heat affects the body on a psychological level. Heat decreases muscle spasms and pain perception. Heat increases blood flow, metabolic rate, collagen elasticity, and joint stiffness, Altered function- swelling can alter the function of a body part because it is changed and doesn’t function as it did before the swelling or fractures. E.g. loss of range of motion and function do to swelling, or a broken leg.

3. SHARP (Cont’d) Redness- the injured area has discolouration and it is usually red which an indication of swelling. Pain - the acutely unpleasant physical discomfort experienced by somebody who is injured or ill.

4. RICE Rest - key point here is modified rest example: if someone breaks his arm, he can still do cardiovascular exercise-when someone is resting it only means resting the injured body part, not sitting on a couch doing nothing. Be practical. Ice - is a local anaesthetic - causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) - controls swelling which in turn reduces the build-up of fluid in the injured area - slows down the rate of viscosity (the ability for a substance to flow) -helps the healing process

5. RICE (cont’d) Compression - basically means applying pressure to the injured area e.g. Elastic pressure bandage, tape, anything you can find to wrap - forces damaged material to other places in the body where the blood can pick up and take to lymph nodes(speeds up healing process) - applying pressure also helps control swelling Elevation - raising the injured body part above the heart - slows down the rate of blood that reaches the injured body part through gravity - helps control swelling and reduces blood pressure - helps with bringing the injured material closer to the heart where the damaged material can be disposed of properly and quickly

6. Preventative measures coaches can do to promote safe activity practice: Athletes should have proper protective equipment whenever possible for injury prevention. Ensuring equipment fits properly is equally important. Promote proper attire and gear for activity. Included should be the hazard of not wearing jewelry due to risk of choking and objects that could hurt you or your opponent. Promote proper skill instruction and while incorporating proper techniques of warm-up, training, practice, competition or active participation, and cool down. Promoting the importance of hygiene to reduce risk of bacteria and infection. Eg. Change of clothes when activity is complete, and cleaning any abrasions or cuts that may occur an after activity.

7. Terminology Life threating injuries- are injuries which directly affect Breathing and Circulation. If a person’s vital signs are faint and not present then this is considered life threating. Call EMS (911) immediately. E.g. not breathing, neck or head injury, profuse bleeding, shock, and unconsciousness. Non threating injuries – are injuries that are encounter during an activity that can be dealt with and which are non-threating. They made need to be referred to a doctor however it is non-threating. E.g. bruises, cuts, abrasions, sprains, strains, blisters, and swelling. Acute – An injury with sudden onset and short duration. E.g. broken leg or arm, sprained ankle Chronic- an injury or condition that lasts over a long period and sometimes causes a long-term change in the body. *Keep in mind there are injuries which are traumatic and injuries which come from overuse when dealing with chronic and acute injuries. Ideally injuries that are traumatic are acute, and injuries from overuse are chronic.

8. Mechanisms of Injury: Compression or direct blow – is produced by external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions. When the force can no longer be absorbed by tissue, injury occurs. Bone fractures, contusions, and cartilage damage are commonly caused by compression forces. Torsion – loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure cause stress over the entire cross section of that structure. Therefore this can result in spiral fractures in bones. Shearing – occurs when equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces, forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to another. This can result in skin injuries such as blisters or abrasions. Bending – when a body part bend in a way it shouldn’t bend. Hyperextension or extreme stretching of body parts beyond a joints normal range of motion. This causes stress on bones causing fractures. Tension – is the force that pulls or stretches tissue. The structure elongates and tensile stress and strain result. Muscle strains and ligament sprains are produced by this type of force.

9. Procedures 1.Survey the scene - make absolutely sure that it is safe for you to enter and help the athlete without the risk of injuring yourself. 2.Primary assessment - assesses life-threatening injuries. Do an ABC assessment – check Airways, Breathing, and Circulation. 3.EAP – emergency action plan. If an emergency situation arises, activate the EAP immediately as discussed in the previous class. 4.Secondary assessment – this is performed after life- threating injuries have been ruled out. 5.*** When you are in the process of doing your assessments make sure you are communicating to the person keeping them calm.

10. Perform a Secondary Assessment when life threating injuries have been ruled out. (HOPE) History – knowing the history of your athlete in regards to medical conditions, other injuries, and allergies. Observation – making sure you are watching athletes when they are engaged in activity so you understand how the injury occurred. This is a valuable assessment tool. This will also have to be documented in the athlete’s history medical conditions sheet. Palpation – part of a secondary assessment consists of touching and feeling the injured area of the athlete. This will give the coach the opportunity to assess the severity of the injury. Broken bones or serious tissue damage will be assessed here. Evaluate function – this is performed to assess the function ability of the injured area. You will be checking for range of motion and the severity of the injury. Checking the symmetry of both body parts is a valuable assessment tool. When evaluating function pain is a good indicator as to the severity of the injury. From this you can determine if any deformity is present in one of the body parts. E.g. looking at ankles, wrists, or fingers.