1. A hybrid approach for an economic valuation of marine and coastal ecosystem services 2nd Meeting of the Expert Group on Marine Research Infrastructure European Commission, Brussels, 4 May 2010 Paulo A.L.D. Nunes University of Venice and Eni Enrico Mattei Foundation, Italy Managing oceans for human well-being

2. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 1  Setting the scene  To develop a (1) systematic, (2) worldwide-based, (3) socio- economic valuation framework that allows to elicit ecosytems values provided by marine and coastal ecosystems;  To implement a socio-economic model by exploring meta- analytical quantitative tool box in combination with GIS techniques  Objective: (1) scale up ecosytem services values and (2) map globally the recreation values of coastal ecosystems;  Follow-up: to assess, the potential impact of climate change on the estimated values, and respective distributional trends. Overview

3. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 2 1. Setting the scene: people depend on oceans

4. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 3 Valuing Ecosystem Services (TEEB Report, page 33)

5. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 4 1. Setting the scene: research consortium SAMS, European Invesment Bank University of West Indies Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama University of Vermont, US IUCN UNEP - WCMC

6. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 5 Establishing a scenario analysis (TEEB Report, page 34)

7. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 6 2.Valuation framework: A hybrid approach of economic valuation Valuing coastal ecosystem goods and services Market priced benefits Un-priced benefits (non-market) Wood Forest Products (WFPs) Climate Regulation (i.e. stocked carbon in forest) RecreationPassive use values (e.g. existence value)

8. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 7 2.Valuation framework: A hybrid approach of economic valuation Valuing coastal ecosystem goods and services Market priced benefits Un-priced benefits (non-market) Fisheries/Tourism Climate Regulation Coastal Protection RecreationPassive use values (e.g. existence value) Provisioning services Regulating services Cultural services Market price analysis Avoided damage costs Revelead and stated preference methods Meta analysis and Value transfer

9. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 8 3. Worldwide dataset on valuation studies of recreation in coastal areas 590 observations 153 studies 33 countries

10. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 9 4.Methodology: meta-analysis of non-market valuations Valuation study variables (X s ) Valuation method (stated, revealed preference) Welfare measure (Marshallian CS, equivalent variation, compensating variation) Year of primary data y i = unit value of coastal zones for recreational activities, standardized to 2003 $/ha/year (PPP)

11. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 10 4.Methodology: meta-analysis of non-market valuations Valuation study variables (X s ) Valuation method (stated, revealed preference) Welfare measure (Marshallian CS, equivalent variation, compensating variation) Year of primary data Site variables (X W ) Ecosystem size Ecosystem type (coral reef, beach, other) Ecosystem service (fishing, non-extractive) Protection level (protected area, no protection)

12. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 11 4.Methodology: meta-analysis of non-market valuations Valuation study variables (X s ) Valuation method (stated, revealed preference) Welfare measure (Marshallian CS, equivalent variation, compensating variation) Year of primary data Site variables (X W ) Ecosystem size Ecosystem type (coral reef, beach, other) Ecosystem service (fishing, non-extractive) Protection level (protected area, no protection) Context variables (X C ) GDP per capita (at countrylevel) Population density (georeferenced) Marine biodiversity index (Shannon index: georeferenced) Anthropogenic pressure (nutrient concentration: georeferenced) Human development index (low, medium, high: georeferenced) Accessibility (travel time to nearest city: georeferenced)

13. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 12 5. GIS-based characterization of valued sites and context Shapefiles of the valued sites (polylines) were constructed in ArcGIS The value of the context variables was estimated in a 20 Km buffer around each shapefile

14. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 13 6.Interpretation of econometric results Coral reefs and sandy beaches provide the highest recreational values. Income effects and proximity to the market of potential visitors significantly affect values. A high level of anthropogenic pressure and scarce accessibility have a negative impact. Sites with high marine biodiversity and low level of human development are valued highly.

15. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 14 6.Benefit transfer and scaling up: A global map of coastal recreation values

16. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 15 6.Benefit transfer and scaling up: A global map of coastal recreation values

17. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 16 7.Discussion of value transfer results High values in Mediterranean Europe, UK, California, Florida and US East Coast determined by high accessibility, population density and income effects and despite high development and pressure. Similarly, high population density in various areas in India and China positively influence values despite the high anthropogenic pressure. Scarce accessibility and low population density along most of the Australian and South American coast result in relatively low values.

18. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 17 8.Key messages and recommendations Non-market values of coastal recreation are substantial and should be taken into account in policy decision for the development or preservation of coastal habitats & environment damage assessments. Recreation values are highly dependent upon a number of contextual variables including level of development of a certain region, accessibility to the site, population density, biodiversity richness, and level of integrity of the ecosystem. This implies that from the perspective of recreation values, habitat conservation may focus on areas which are of high ecological values (e.g., rich in biodiversity) but low economic values because located in remote areas with low accessibility.

19. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 18 9. Contacts paulo.nunes@feem.it and thank you for your attention.

20. GLOBAL VALUES OF COASTAL RECREATION 19 Governance is key to managing oceans