1. Information Retrieval Implementation issues Djoerd Hiemstra & Vojkan Mihajlovic University of Twente {d.hiemstra,v.mihajlovic}.utwente.nl

2. The lecture Ian H. Witten, Alistar Mofat, Timothy C. Bell, “Managing Gigabytes”, Morgan Kaufmann, pages 72-115 (Section 3), 1999. (For the exam, the compression methods in Section 3.3., i.e., the part with the grey bar left of the text, does not have to be studies in detal) Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine”, Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 1997.

3. Overview Brute force implementation Text analysis Indexing Index coding and query processing Web search engines Wrap-up

4. Overview Brute force implementation Text analysis Indexing Index coding and query processing Web search engines Wrap-up

5. Architecture 2000 FAST search Engine Knut Risvik

6. Architecture today 1. The web server sends the query to the index servers. The content inside the index servers is similar to the index in the back of a book - it tells which pages contain the words that match the query. 2. The query travels to the doc servers, which actually retrieve the stored documents. Snippets are generated to describe each search result. 3. The search results are returned to the user in a fraction of a second.

7. Storing the web More than 10 billion sites Assume each site contains 1000 terms Each term consists of 5 chars on average Each term a UTF character >=2bytes To store the web you need to search: –10 10 x 10 3 x 5 x 2B ~= 100TB What about: term statistics, hypertext info, pointers, search indexes, etc.? ~= PB Do we really need all this data?

8. Counting the web Text statistics: –Term frequency –Collection frequency –Inverse document frequency … Hypertext statistics: –Ingoing and outgoing links –Anchor text –Term positions, proximities, sizes, and characteristics …

9. Searching the web 100TB of data to be searched We need to find such a large hard disk (currently the biggest are 250GB) Hard disk transfer time 100MB/s Time needed to sequentially scan the data: 1 million seconds We have to wait for 10 days to get the answer to a query That is not all …

10. Problems in web search Web crawling –Deal with limits, freshness, duplicates, missing links, loops, server problems, virtual hosts, etc. Maintain large cluster of servers –Page servers: store and deliver the results of the queries –Index servers: resolve the queries Answer 250 million of user queries per day –Caching, replicating, parallel processing, etc. –Indexing, compression, coding, fast access, etc.

11. Implementation issues Analyze the collection –Avoid non-informative data for indexing –Decision on relevant statistics and info Index the collection –Which index type to use? –How to organize the index? Compress the data –Data compression –Index compression

12. Overview Brute force implementation Text analysis Indexing Index coding and query processing Web search engines Wrap-up

13. Term frequency Count how many times a tem occur in the collection (size N terms) => frequency (f) Order them in descending order => rank (r) The product of the frequency of words and their rank is approximately constant: f x r = C, C ~= N/10

14. Zipf distribution Linear scaleLogarithmic scale Terms by rank order Term count Term count

15. Consequences Few terms occur very frequently: a, an, the, … => non-informative (stop) words Many terms occur very infrequently: spelling mistakes, foreign names, … => noise Medium number of terms occur with medium frequency => useful

16. Word resolving power (van Rijsbergen 79)

17. Heap’s law for dictionary size collection size number of unique terms

18. Let’s store the web Let’s remove: –Stop words: N/10 + N/20 + … –Noise words ~ N/1000 –UTF => ASCII To store the web you need: –to use ~ 4/5 of the terms –4/5 x 10 10 x 10 3 x 5 x 1B ~= 40TB How to search this vast amount of data?

19. Overview Brute force implementation Text analysis Indexing Index coding and query processing Web search engines Wrap-up

20. Indexing How would you index the web? Document index Inverted index Postings Statistical information Evaluating a query Can we really search the web index? Bitmaps and signature files

21. Example Document numberText 1Pease porridge hot, pease porridge cold 2Pease porridge in the pot 3Nine days old 4Some like it hot, some like it cold 5Some like it in the pot 6Nine days old Stop words: in, the, it.

22. Document index Doc. Id colddayshotlikenineoldpeaseporridgepotsome 11122 2111 3111 41122 5111 6111 5B1B #docs x [log 2 #docs] + #u_terms x #docs x 8b + #u_terms x (5 x 8b + [log 2 #u_terms]) 10 10 x 5B + 10 6 x 10 10 x 1B + 10 6 x (5 x 1B + 4B) ~= 10PB

23. Inverted index (1) termdoc. id cold1 hot1 pease1 1 porridge1 1 pease2 porridge2 pot2 days3 nine3 old3 4B1B 10 13 x (4B + 5B) + 10 6 x (5 x 1B + 4B) = 90TB termdoc. id cold4 hot4 like4 4 some4 4 like5 pot5 some5 days6 nine6 old6 4B1B

24. Inverted index (2) termtfdoc. id cold11 hot11 pease21 porridge21 pease12 porridge12 pot12 days13 nine13 old13 4B1B5B 500 x 10 10 x (4B + 1B + 5B) + 10 6 x (5 x 1B + 4B) = 50TB termtfdoc. id cold14 hot14 like24 some24 like15 pot15 some15 days16 nine16 old16 cold14 hot14 4B1B5B

25. Inverted index - Postings termnum. docpointer cold2-> days2-> hot2-> like2-> nine2-> old2-> pease2-> porridg e 2-> pot2-> some2-> 5 x 1B5B 500 x 10 10 x (5B + 1B) + 10 6 x (5 x 1B + 5B + 5B) = 30TB + 15MB < 40TB doc. numtf 11 41 31 61 11 41 42...... 42 51 5B1B

26. Inverted index - Statistics 500 x 10 10 x (5B + 1B) + 10 6 x (5 x 1B + 5B + 5B + 5B) = 30TB + 20MB termcfnum. docpointer cold22-> days22-> hot22-> like32-> nine22-> old22-> pease32-> porridge32-> pot22-> some32-> 5 x 1B2B5B doc. numtf 11 41 31 61 11 41 42...... 42 51 5B1B

27. Inverted index querying Cold and hot => doc1,doc4; score = 1/6 x 1/2 x 1/6 x 1/2 = 1/144 termcfnum. docpointer cold22-> days22-> hot22-> like32-> nine22-> old22-> pease32-> porridge32-> pot22-> some32-> 5 x 1B2B5B doc. numtf 11 41 31 61 11 41 42...... 42 51 5B1B

28. Break: can we search the web? Number of postings (term-document pairs): –Number of documents: ~10 10, –Average number of unique terms per document (document size ~1000): ~500 Number of unique terms: ~10 6 Formula: #docs x avg_tpd x ([log 2 #docs] + [log 2 max(tf)]) –+ #u_trm(5 x [log 2 #char_size] + [log 2 N/10] + [log 2 #docs/10] + [log 2 (#docs x avg_tpd)]) Can we still make the search more efficient? –Yes, but let’s take a look at other indexing techniques 500 x 10 10 x (5B + 1B) + 10 6 x (5 x 1B + 5B + 5B + 5B) = 3 x 10 13 + 2 x 10 7 ~ = 30TB

29. Bitmaps For every term in the dictionary a bitvector is stored Each bit represent presence or absence of a term in a document Cold and pease => 100100 & 110000 = 100000 termbitvector cold100100 days001001 hot100100 like000110 old001001 nine001001 pease110000 porridge110000 pot010010 some000110 5 x 1B1GB 10 6 x (1GB + 5 x 1B) = 1PB

30. Signature files A text index based on storing a signature for each text block to be able to filter out some blocks quickly A probabilistic method for indexing text k hash functions are generating n-bit values Signatures of two words can be identical

31. Signature file example termhash string cold1000 0000 0010 0100 days0010 0100 0000 1000 hot0000 1010 0000 0000 like0100 0010 0000 0001 nine0010 1000 0000 0100 old1000 1000 0100 0000 pease0100 0100 0010 0000 porridge0100 0100 0010 0000 pot0000 0010 0110 0000 some0100 0100 0000 0001 nr.signatureText 11100 1111 0010 0101Pease porridge hot, please porridge cold. 21110 1111 0110 0001Pease porridge in the pot. 31010 1100 0100 1100Nine days old. 41100 1110 1010 0111Some like it hot, some like it cold 51110 1111 1110 0011Some like it in the pot 61010 1100 0100 1100Nine days old

32. Signature file searching If the corresponding word signature bits are set in the document, there is a high probability that the document contains the word. Cold (1 & 4) => OK Old (2,3,5 & 6) => not OK (2 & 5) => fetch the document at a query time and check if it occurs Cold & hot: 1000 1010 0010 0100 (1 & 4) => OK Reduce the false hits by increasing the number of bits per term signature 10 10 x (5B + 1KB) = 10PB

33. Indexing - Recap Inverted files –require less storage than other two –more robust for ranked retrieval –can be extended for phrase/proximity search –numerous techniques exist for speed & storage space reduction Bitmaps –an order of magnitude more storage than inverted files –efficient for Boolean queries

34. Indexing – Recap 2 Signature files –an order (or two) of magnitude more storage than inverted files –require un-necessary access to the main text because of false matches –no in-memory lexicon –Insertions can be handled easily Coded (compressed) inverted files are the state- of-the art index structure used by most search engines

35. Overview Brute force implementation Text analysis Indexing Index coding and query processing Web search engines Wrap-up

36. Inverted file coding The inverted file entries are usually stored in order of increasing document number –[ (the term “retrieval” occurs in 7 documents with document identifiers 2, 23, 81, 98, etc.)

37. Query processing (1) Each inverted file entry is an ascending sequence of integers –allows merging (joining) of two lists in a time linear in the size of the lists –Advanced Database Applications (211090): a merge join

38. Query processing (2) Usually queries are assumed to be conjunctive queries –query: information retrieval –is processed as information AND retrieval [ –intersection of posting lists gives: [23, 98]

39. Query processing (3) Remember the Boolean model? –intersection, union and complement is done on posting lists –so, information OR retrieval [ –union of posting lists gives: [1, 2, 14, 23, 45, 46, 81, 84, 98, 111, 120, 121, 126, 139]

40. Query processing (4) Estimate of selectivity of terms: –Suppose information occurs on 1 billion pages –Suppose retrieval occurs on 10 million pages size of postings (5 bytes per docid): –1 billion * 5B = 5 GB for information –10 million * 5B = 50 MB for retrieval Hard disk transfer time: –50 sec. for information + 0.5 sec. for retrieval –(ignore CPU time and disk latency)

41. Query processing (6) We just brought query processing down from 10 days to just 50.5 seconds (!) :-) Still... way too slow... :-(

42. Inverted file compression (1) Trick 1, store sequence of doc-ids: –[ as a sequence of gaps –[ No information is lost. Always process posting lists from the beginning, so easily decoded into the original sequence

43. Inverted file compression (2) Does it help? –maximum gap determined by the number of indexed web pages... –infrequent terms coded as a few large gaps –frequent terms coded by many small gaps Trick 2: use variable byte length encoding.

44. Variable byte encoding (1)  code: represent number x as: –first bits as the unary code for –remainder bits as binary code for –unary part specifies how many bits are required to code the remainder part For example x = 5 : –first bits: 110 –remainder: 01

45. Variable byte encoding (2)

46. Index sizes

47. Index size of “our Google” Number of postings (term-document pairs): –100 billion documents –500 unique terms on average –Assume on average 6 bits per doc-id 500 x 1010 x 6 bits ~= 4TB –about 15% of the uncompressed inverted file.

48. Query processing on compressed index size of postings (6 bits per docid): –1 billion * 6 bits = 750 Mb for information –10 million * 6 bits = 7.5 Mb for retrieval Hard disk transfer time: –7.5 sec. for information + 0.08 sec. for retrieval –(ignore CPU time and disk latency and decompressing time)

49. Query processing – Continued (1) We just brought query processing down from 10 days to just 50.5 seconds... and brought that down to 7.58 seconds :-) but that is still too slow... :-(

50. Early termination (1) Suppose we re-sort the document ids for each posting such that the best documents come first –e.g., sort document identifiers for retrieval by their tf.idf values. –[ –then: top 10 documents for retrieval can be retrieved very quickly: stop after processing the first 10 document ids from the posting list! –but compression and merging (multi-word queries) of postings no longer possible...

51. Early termination (2) Trick 3: define a static (or global) ranking of all documents –such as Google PageRank (!) –re-assign document identifiers by ascending PageRank –For every term, documents with a high Page- Rank are in the initial part of the posting list –Estimate the selectivity of the query and only process part of the posting files.

52. Early termination (3) Probability that a document contains a term: –1 billion / 10 billion = 0.1 for information –10 million / 10 billion = 0.0001 for retrieval Assume independence between terms: –0.1 x 0.0001 = 0.00001 of the documents contains both terms –so, every 1 / 0.00001 = 10,000 documents on average contains information AND retrieval. –for top 30, process 300,000 documents. –300,000 / 10 billion = 0.00003 of the posting files

53. Query processing on compressed index with early termination process about 0.00003 of postings: –0.00003 * 750 Mb = 22.5 kb for information –0.00003 * 7.5 Mb = 225 bytes for retrieval Hard disk transfer time: –0.2 msec. for information + 0.002 msec. for retrieval –(NB now, ignoring CPU time and disk latency and decompressing time is no longer reasonable)

54. Query processing – Continued (2) We just brought query processing down from 10 days to less than 1 ms. ! :-) “This engine is incredibly, amazingly, ridiculously fast!” (from “Top Gear” every Thursday on BBC2)

55. Overview Brute force implementation Text analysis Indexing Compression Web search engines Wrap-up

56. Web page ranking Varies by search engine –Pretty messy in many cases –Details usually proprietary and fluctuating Combining subsets of: –Term frequencies –Term proximities –Term position (title, top of page, etc) –Term characteristics (boldface, capitalized, etc) –Link analysis information –Category information –Popularity information

57. What about Google Google maintains the worlds largest Linux cluster (10,000 servers) These are partitioned between index servers and page servers –Index servers resolve the queries (massively parallel processing) –Page servers deliver the results of the queries Over 8 Billion web pages are indexed and served by Google

58. Google: Architecture (Brin & Page 1997)

59. Google: Zlib compression A variant of LZ77 (gzip)

60. Google: Forward & Inverted Index

61. Google: Query evaluation Parse the query. Convert words into wordIDs. Seek to the start of the doclist in the short barrel for every word. Scan through the doclists until there is a document that matches all the search terms. Compute the rank of that document for the query. If we are in the short barrels and at the end of any doclist, seek to the start of the doclist in the full barrel for every word and go to step 4. If we are not at the end of any doclist go to step 4. Sort the documents that have matched by rank and return the top k.

62. Google: Storage numbers Total Size of Fetched Pages147.8 GB Compressed Repository53.5 GB Short Inverted Index4.1 GB Full Inverted Index37.2 GB Lexicon293 MB Temporary Anchor Data (not in total) 6.6 GB Document Index Incl. Variable Width Data 9.7 GB Links Database3.9 GB Total Without Repository55.2 GB Total With Repository108.7 GB

63. Google: Page search Web Page Statistics Number of Web Pages Fetched24 million Number of URLs Seen76.5 million Number of Email Addresses1.7 million Number of 404's1.6 million

64. Google: Search speed Initial Query Same Query Repeated (IO mostly cached) QueryCPUTime(s)Total Time(s)CPU Time(s)Total Time(s) al gore0.092.130.06 vice president 1.773.841.661.80 hard disks 0.254.860.200.24 search engines 1.319.631.16

65. Q’s What about web search today? How many pages? How many searches per second? Who is the best?

66. Web search November 2004 Search EngineReported Size Google8.1 billion MSN5.0 billion Yahoo 4.2 billion(estimate) Ask Jeeves2.5 billion http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/blog/041111-084221

67. Web search February 2003 Service Searches per day Google250 million Overture (Yahoo)167 million Inktomi (Yahoo)80 million LookSmart(MSN)45 million FindWhat33 million Ask Jeeves20 million AltaVista18 million FAST12 million http://searchenginewatch.com/reports/article.php/2156461

68. Web search July 2005 (US) http://searchenginewatch.com/reports/

69. Overview Brute force implementation Text analysis Indexing Compression Web search engines Wrap-up

70. Summary Term distribution and statistics –What is useful and what is not Indexing techniques (inverted files) –How to store the web Compression, coding, and querying –How to squeeze the web for efficient search Search engines –Google: first steps and now