1. SinusesNormally……..translucent Plain film… Shows: mucosal thickening mucosal thickening fluid level fluid level bone destruction bone destruction Fractures Fractures CT is preferred. Shows details of sinuses & drainage into the middle meatus before FESS before FESS

2. Mucosal thickening could be: Smooth Smooth Polypoidal Polypoidal Causes: allergy & infection Radiology can not tell the cause. Radiology can not tell the cause. Air-fluid level in: infection & trauma (CSF or blood) infection & trauma (CSF or blood)

3. Opaque Sinus Infection & allergy by fluid or mucosal thickening or both Infection & allergy by fluid or mucosal thickening or both Mucocele… accumulation of secretion …the sinus is expanded… leading to exophthalmos. Mucocele… accumulation of secretion …the sinus is expanded… leading to exophthalmos. Carcinoma of the sinus & nasal cavity Carcinoma of the sinus & nasal cavity bone destruction. bone destruction.

4. Nasopharynx Adenoids………Lateral view CT & MRI …..can show extension of nasopharyngeal tumor into the skull base.

5. Salivary glands Plain for calculi mainly in the submand. Opaque Plain for calculi mainly in the submand. Opaque Sialography…..to demonstrate the duct system. Sialography…..to demonstrate the duct system. MRI for tumors…. MRI for tumors…. Can demonstrate the relationship of the tum. to the facial nerve.

6. Thyroid Imaging US US Nuclear medicine Nuclear medicine -Cold nodules: cyst, adenoma & carcinoma. -Hot nodules: invariably benign adenomas. Most thyroid cancers present as cold nod.

7. US thyroid Cystic nodules invariably benign Cystic nodules invariably benign Complex (cystic/ solid) usually benign Complex (cystic/ solid) usually benign Solid….adenoma or carcinoma Solid….adenoma or carcinoma US Can guide FNA