1. KRISTY CAMPBELL WINTER ECOLOGY,SPRING 2014 Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder The Effect of Elevation on Mammal Behavior and Abundance in Winter

2. Introduction Morphological and physiological adaptations allow mammals to survive the winter in Colorado. Behavioral Adaptation – Some mammals utilize the insulative properties of snow. Physical Adaptation – The Snowshoe Hare has large feet that allow it to easily walk across the snow (like snowhoes)

3. Introduction Because of the deeper snowpack at higher elevations, larger mammals such as moose and deer are found more often at lower elevations (Poole & Stuart-Smith 2006).

4. Introduction Studies have shown that species diversity and abundance of small mammals in riparian zones is greater than in upland areas (Doyle 1990). These mammals may be drawn to the riparian zones for water, abundance of vegetation, or abundance of other prey mammals. For these reasons, I focused my study on riparian zones at different elevations.

5. Introduction Hypothesis – The proportion of smaller to larger mammals increases with elevation in the winter. Prediction - Tracks from smaller mammals (such as squirrels and Snowshoe Hares) will be more abundant at higher elevations than at lower elevations. Tracks from larger mammals (such as ungulates), will be more abundant at lower elevations.

6. Methods 2 elevations along Como Creek 50 m transect through the riparian area Observed animal tracks at 10 random points along the transect 10 m Riparian zone

7. Methods 3020 m 2857 m

8. Methods Measured Snow depth and type of vegetation at both sites. Analyzed differences in species frequency and density at both elevations using a Chi-Square Test. Site 1 - 3020 m site 2 - 2857 m

9. Site 1 Site 2 Snow Depth – 90 cm Vegetation:  Willows  Lodegpole Pine  Spruce  Aspen Slope – flat area ( 4◦) Snow Depth – 60 cm Vegetation:  Willows  Lodgepole Pine  Spruce  Aspen Slope – flat area ( 6◦) Results

10. Results: Density of Tracks Density of track found at site 1 (high elevation) and site 2 (low elevation) Site 1Site 2 Chi-Square Test of Independence H 0 = The density at each site is not different from a random distribution. P = 0.56 There was no significant difference from random. The null hypothesis could not be rejected.

11. Results: Relative Frequency of Tracks Chi- Square Goodness of Fit Test H o – The frequency distributions are the same. P = 0.90 There was no significant difference in relative frequency of tracks found between site 1 and site 2. The null hypothesis could not be rejected. Relative Frequency of tracks found at site 1 (high elevation) and site 2 (low elevation)

12. Results: Absolute Frequency of Tracks Chi- Square Goodness of Fit Test H o – The frequency distributions are the same. P = 0.95 There was no significant difference in absolute frequency of tracks found between site 1 and site 2. The null hypothesis could not be rejected. Absolute Frequency of tracks found at site 1 (high elevation) and site 2 (low elevation)

13. Discussion The frequency and density of different mammal tracks found at both sites tested were statistically identical to each other. Vegetation at both sites was the same. Elevation was not as different as planned. Snow depth was different, but the top layer of snow was firm. The coyote tracks found at the high elevation did not penetrate deep into the snow.

14. Discussion My hypothesis was not supported. However, due to the constraints of my study, I think that further research could be done: More replicates need to be done at each site. There needs to be a larger difference in elevation. At least one more lower elevation needs to be studied. Perhaps asking permission of private land owners to study animal tracks near the creek.

15. 3200 m 2857 m 2469 m

16. Discussion Not all methods could be carried out as planned: I planned to begin collecting data at 3200 m (the top of Komo Creek), but I could not find the creek. I began instead at 3020 m. I planned to collect my final set of data at an elevation of 2469 m, but I could not access the sampling area because it was on private land.

17. References Doyle, A. T. 1990. Use of Riparian and Upland Habitats by Small Mammals. Journal of Mammalogy. Vol 71. No. 1: 14-23. Gillis, E. A., Hilk, D.S., Boonstra R., Karels, T.J., and Krebs, C.J. 2005. Being High is Better: Effects of Elevation and Habitat on Arctic Ground Squirrel Demography. OIKOS 108:231-240. Poole, K.G., and Stuart-Smith. 2006. Winter Habitat Selection by Female Moose in Western Interior Montane Forests. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol 84: 1823- 1832.