1. Seminar: Introduction to Forensic Science Definition and Scope Freddie Arocho-Perez Kaplan University SC300: Big Ideas in Science

2. What is Forensic Science? The application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced in the justice system. – Any application of science to law enforcement. – Includes geology, chemistry, physics, biology, etc. Criminalistics – any of the services provided by a crime laboratory. – For all intents and purposes, the term is usually interchangeable with forensic science.

3. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Author of the Sherlock Holmes series. Popularized forensic investigation through his novels. Used up-and-coming detective methods in his stories, including fingerprinting, serology, firearm identification, and questioned documents.

4. Major Contributors to the Field Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) – father of toxicology: the science of dealing with poisons and their effects. Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) – developed science of anthropometry – the taking of a series of body measurements for means of personal identification (later replaced by more reliable fingerprinting). Francis Galton (1822-1911) – first thorough study of fingerprints and how to classify them; offered statistical proof of their uniqueness.

5. Major Contributors to the Field Edmond Locard (1877-1966) – created the first rudimentary crime lab in Lyon, France (1910). – Locard’s Exchange Principle – “When a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross- transfer of evidence occurs.” "Every Contact Leaves a Trace"

6. Major Contributors to the Field – Every criminal can be connected to his/her crime scene by something as small as dust particles carried to or from the scene. – First to request that suspects’ clothing be examined in the lab. – His success led to the establishment of police labs in Vienna, Berlin, Sweden, Finland, and Holland.

7. Federal Bureau of Investigation Under director J. Edgar Hoover, national lab for forensic services established in 1932. FBI lab is now the world’s largest, with 1 million examinations each year.

8. Introduction to Crime Scene Investigation The purpose of crime scene investigation is to help establish what happened (crime scene reconstruction) and to identify the responsible person. Carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and recognizing all relevant physical evidence.

9. Introduction to Crime Scene Investigation The ability to recognize and properly collect physical evidence is oftentimes critical to both solving and prosecuting violent crimes. It is important to determine the full extent of a crime scene.

11. The Crime Scene A place where a crime has taken place. A starting point for a criminal investigation. A crime scene is not merely the immediate area where a body is located or where an assailant concentrated his activities but can also encompass a vehicle and access/escape routes.

12. Crime Scene Vocabulary Crime Scene: Any physical location in which a crime has occurred or is suspected of having occurred. Primary Crime Scene: The original location of a crime or accident. Secondary Crime Scene: An alternate location, such as where additional evidence may be found. Suspect: Person thought to be capable of committing a crime. Accomplice: Second person associated with committing a crime. Alibi: Statement of where a suspect was at the time of a crime.

13. Types of Evidence Evidence used to resolve a crime can be split into 2 areas: testimonial evidence and physical evidence. – The testimonial evidence would be any witnessed accounts of an incident or crime. – The physical evidence would refer to any material items that would be present on the crime scene or the victims. These items would be presented in a crime investigation to prove or disprove the facts of the issue. Examples include DNA, the body itself, the weapon used, pieces of carpet, blood and other body fluids, fingerprints, or casts of footprints or tire prints. Trace evidence refers evidence that is found at a crime scene in small but measurable amounts.

14. Crime Scene Search Patterns The purpose of a search is to locate, identify, and collect any tangible material which may be associated with a suspect and/or victim from the crime scene and/or the crime. There are standard search patterns used at a crime scene, especially when the scene is very large. These patterns include: spiral, grid, strip or line, and quadrant or zone search.

15. Investigating the Evidence Drug Chemistry - Determines the presence of controlled substances and the identification of marijuana Trace Chemistry - Identification and comparison of materials from fires, explosions, paints, and glass. Microscopy - Identification and comparison of hairs, fibers, woods, soils, building materials, insulation and a broad group of materials referred to as “particulate unknowns”. Biology/DNA - Presence and comparison of body fluids and dried stains such as blood, semen, and saliva. Toxicology - Determines the presence of drugs and poisons in tissue, blood, urine and other body fluids. Forensic Science disciplines at the Illinois State Police Crime Labs

16. Investigating the Evidence Latent Prints - Identification and comparison of hidden impressions from sources like fingers, palms, feet, shoes, ears, lips or the tread on vehicle tires. Firearms & Toolmarks - Examination and comparison of fired bullets, discharged cartridges, guns, gunpowder patterns, and marks left by erased serial numbers in metal or by burglary tools like a pry bar or screwdriver. Questioned Documents - Side by side comparisons of questioned handwriting and hand printing, ink, paper, writing instruments, printers, photocopiers, additions, eradications, obliterations, watermarks, and impressions. Forensic Science disciplines at the Illinois State Police Crime Labs

17. Analytical Instrumentation: HPLC HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography System is fully automated using data acquisition software. HPLC is a commonly used technique for separating and analyzing sample components in the forensic laboratory.

18. HPLC Configuration

19. Analytical Instrumentation: HPLC

20. Analytical Instrumentation: AFM AFM: Atomic Force Microscopy AFM has the advantage of imaging almost any type of surface, including ceramics, glass, and biological samples. Resolution of fractions of a nanometer; one billionth of a meter.

21. Analytical Instrumentation: AFM AFM Configuration

22. Analytical Instrumentation: AFM Progressive images from atomic force microscopy show the compaction of DNA in yeast caused by a protein called AbF2.

23. Analytical Instrumentation: AFM Images of a virus called Phi29, associated to Hepatitis B.

24. Identification of Drugs Screening Tests: Changes in Color Marquis Test – Test for heroin, morphine, opium derivatives. – Substances turn purple with 2% formaldehyde in sulfuric acid. Scott Test – Cocaine turns blue when mixed with solution A (2% cobalt thiocyanate in water and glycerine). – The blue color turns clear with addition of solution B (concentrated hydrochloric acid). – The clear color turns blue again with the addition of chloroform.

25. Identification of Drugs Screening Tests: Changes in Color Duquenois-Levine Test – Marijuana turns purple in the chloroform layer when treated by solution A (2% vanillin and 1% acetaldehyde in ethyl alcohol); solution B (concentrated hydrochloric acid); and solution C (chloroform).

26. Bloodstain Analysis Bloodstain revealed by the “chemi-luminescent” reaction between blood and luminol. Luminol reacts with Iron found in hemoglobin.

27. Mass Spectrometry The drug enters the mass spectrometer where it is broken into fragments. The size and amounts of these fragments are specific to each compound. The spectra obtained from these fragments can be compared to a known standard.

28. Evidence Examples Blood – There are 150 known proteins, 250 known enzymes, and many more antigens in blood. – Investigators can often estimate the time a crime occurred from how dry the blood is. – The shape of blood at the scene (pool, drops, stains, or splashes) can provides clues as to what happened as well as the location and description of bloodstains. – Blood evidence is frequently used to eliminate a pool of suspects.

29. Evidence Examples Fingerprints – A fingerprint can conclusively identify both suspects and victims, since everyone has unique fingerprint patterns. – Databases, such as AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) are available for rapid computerized searching, on national, state and local levels. Bite Marks – Each of the thirty-two teeth in humans is unique due to age and wear. – Bites can tell how quickly the offender subdued the victim and can often be matched to dental records.

30. Evidence Examples Wounds – Wounds can often be matched to weapons, tool marks on the weapon, or at least the weapon's size, shape, and length. – Wound pattern analysis is a special technique that often provides clues to how a crime was committed or characteristics of the suspect (left-handed, right-handed, height, etc.). Tool Marks – When a tool is made and used, tiny nicks and chips begin to form, which adds unique characteristics to its blade and edges. Tools may also pick up traces of substances it came in contact with.

31. Evidence Examples Skeletal Remains – Forensic anthropologists analyze skeletal remains to determine four characteristics for a victim: age, sex, race, and stature. – Determining the sex of a victim is the first step in the analysis of unidentified human remains. The innominate bone, which comprises the pelvis, offers the most definitive traits. The humerus or femur is also used and an analysis of the skull can give investigators clues about the whether the person was male or female. – Determining the age and stature (height) of a victim can be done by analyzing the development of the teeth, bone growth, and the length of specific bones, such as the femur. – Determining the race of a victim can be done by analyzing the skull for specific characteristics that are common among people of different races.

32. Evidence Examples Facial Composites – Investigators work with sketch artists and eyewitnesses to create facial composites, or sketches of a person’s face. – Today many police departments are using facial reconstruction software to help them with this task. – The composite may be used internally to assist officers in identifying the suspect or used externally through local media (radio, TV, and newspaper) to solicit leads from citizens.