1. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik „System of waste management in Germany – turning waste into benefit (separate collection, recycling, reuse) – outlook for the future“ National Workshop: Developing Environmental Infrastructure Projects in the WASTE Sector in Macedonia 28-29th October 2008, Ohrid, Macedonia Maic Verbücheln, Difu

2. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu) Foundation and domicile is a non-profit institute and founded in 1973 located in Berlin and Cologne (Germany) Mandate and members is the research institute for cities is supported by 100 cities (approx. 24 Mio. inhab.) Deal with different topics urban development, economy, social policy and culture, environment (municipal waste management)

3. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Overview 1. Review to the past 2. Today's waste management 3. Results and benefits 4. Outlook for the future

4. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik up to 1970: 50 000 uncontrolled dump sites 1972: first waste management law reduction to 500 controlled landfills Resume No material flow management - dispose of waste via littering or dumping Objective of the past waste management: to solve hygiene- and organisation problems „archaic phase“ 1. Review to the past

5. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik 2. Today's waste management Important legislation (selection) 1991: packaging ordinance (e.g. product responsibility – implementation of a dual system) 1996: Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act (e.g. waste hierarchy, product responsibility) - is the base of today's waste management in Germany 1998: battery ordinance (e.g. product responsibility – implementation of a take back system) 2005: electric- and electronic ordinance (e.g. shared product responsibility – implementation of a take back system)

6. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik *Source: Ecologic 2. Today's waste management System of closed material circle in Germany

7. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik 2. Today's waste management Separate collection and recycling (household w.) Material fraction System of collection Main responsibility Packagingcollect and bringproducer Paper, cardboardcollect and bringmunicipalities Glasscollect and bringmunicipalities Bio- wastecollectmunicipalities Electro- and electronic waste bring (partly collect)producer and municipalities Batteriesbringproducer and municipalities Residuescollectmunicipalities

8. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Resume partly material flow management – reuse, recycling combustion and landfilling - produce of secondary raw materials, - produce of power, heat, - produce of gas …. there are still secondary raw material in the residue waste, which are not all recovered today!!!! Objective of today's waste management: to solve mainly environmental problems „environmentally and partly resource oriented phase“ 2. Today's waste management

9. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik 3. Results and benefits Decoupling the yearly waste amount from the economic performance in Germany Source: UBA, Stat. Bundesamt 20002003200420052006 - reduction from 100% (2000) to 87,5% (2006)

10. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik 3. Results and benefits Collected residues and materials from households Source: BMU year residue wasteglass, paper, packaging, bio material for recycling 1990 87% 34 Mio. t 13% 5 Mio. t 2004 44% 18 Mio. t 56 % 23,4 Mio. t 2006 40% 16,5 Mio. T 60% 24,3 Mio. t - increase of material collection for recycling

11. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik production waste 64% 30,8 Mio. t. construction waste 87% 160,0 Mio. t. bio waste100% 7,7 Mio. t. batteries 88% 11.163 t. municipal waste - glass - paper 64% 100% 99% 26,7 Mio. t. 3,6 Mio. t. 7,8 Mio. t. packaging waste - plastics - aluminium - tin 78% 53% 77% 92% 12,0 Mio. t. 0,81 Mio. t 0,06 Mio. t 0,42 Mio. t graphic papers 88% 7,6 Mio. t. waste oil100% 468 000 t. 3. Results and benefits General recovery rates (resource protection)

12. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik 3. Results and benefits Greenhouse gas reduction (climate protection) 31 Mio. t CO 2 Employee approx. 250 000 Turnover (waste management organisations) 50 Mrd. Euro Source: BMU, 2005/2006

13. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Take back of secondary raw materials (selection) in the economic cycle lead to e.g.: cut down of imports and an added value (Mio. Euro) Source: Institute of German economy, Cologne primary raw material energysum (€) steel123410622296 aluminium138566704 combustibles-343 packaging-225 zinc702595 total14422221 3.7 Mrd. € 3. Results and benefits

14. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Global tendencies population growth (8/2025- 9,1/2050)* economic growth (e.g. India, China) tends to result in: rise of resource consumption (e.g. crude oil, copper, steel, silicon, plastic, paper…) environmental problems (e.g. soil, water) climate change (e.g. CO 2 -production) *Source: UNO 4. Outlook for the future

15. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Global tendencies raw material world market prices which are imported in the Euro-zone, rose of about 81% from 2000 to 2005 industry raw materials prices rose about appr. 50% (NF-Metals 82%, FE-Metals 130%) a continued rise of prices can be expected on a long term perspective costs of raw materials relate to 40% of the production costs (employees for 25%)!!!! Source: Institute of German economy, Cologne 4. Outlook for the future

16. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Thematic Strategies of the COM (EU) „Life Cycle Thinking“ incl. waste management view on life cycle of material streams Orientation of waste as a resource using the resource potential (productivity) Development of a „Recycling Society“ promotion of a recycling market economic instruments for the steering 4. Outlook for the future

17. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Political objectives in Germany (selection) protection of resources achieve a sustainable economy by the use of a closed material cycle and increase of efficiency sustainable waste management with low emissions and effective resource utilization entire and ecologically sound recycling of all municipal waste (goal 2020) – close of all household landfills to the year 2020 4. Outlook for the future

18. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Resume Political and economic pressure will lead to: widespread material flow management and return of secondary raw materials in the economic cycle material flow management will change the classic waste management to a resource- or material flow economy – new techniques like sorting plants? Objective of the future waste management: to solve environment- and resource problem „resource oriented phase“ 4. Outlook for the future

19. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Resume for municipalities reduce the waste amount is important, because the handling and after care is cost intensive but can force material flow management systems, by select and collect of waste fractions can play an important role in the economic cycle - need of intelligent systems markets for secondary raw materials are needed, high quality of products is important 4. Outlook for the future

20. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Thank you for attention Maic Verbücheln, Difu National Workshop: Developing Environmental Infrastructure Projects in the WASTE Sector in Macedonia 28-29th October 2008, Ohrid, Macedonia

21. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik 2. Today's waste management Waste hierarchy Avoidance Material recovery Energetic recovery Priority: ecological recovery (§ 6 Abs. 1 S. 2) Waste disposal: landfilling or incineration (§ 10 – 14)