1. Planar Dual Readout Calorimetry Studies Progress Report G. Mavromanoulakis, A. Para, N. Saoulidou, H. Wenzel, Shin-Shan Yu,Fermilab Tianchi Zhao, University of Washington INFN Pisa INFN Trieste University of Iowa

2. Motivations/Goals Systematic studies of contributions to energy resolution of high precision sampling calorimeters: Systematic studies of contributions to energy resolution of high precision sampling calorimeters: Sampling frequency Sampling frequency Active detectors: materials and thickness Active detectors: materials and thickness Detection mechanism: scintillation/Cherenkov Detection mechanism: scintillation/Cherenkov Investigate performance of compensating dual readout calorimeters and its dependence on the calorimeter design and segmentation Investigate performance of compensating dual readout calorimeters and its dependence on the calorimeter design and segmentation Investigate performance of the dual readout calorimeter as an electromagnetic calorimeter Investigate performance of the dual readout calorimeter as an electromagnetic calorimeter Investigate the production of low-cost lead glass tiles Investigate the production of low-cost lead glass tiles Study and characterize the performance of Geiger-mode Avalanche PhotoDiodes Study and characterize the performance of Geiger-mode Avalanche PhotoDiodes

3. Total Absorption Calorimeter Total Absorption Calorimeter Electrons/photons interact with atomic electrons. Total energy of the incoming particle is converted into detectable kinetic energy of electrons Electrons/photons interact with atomic electrons. Total energy of the incoming particle is converted into detectable kinetic energy of electrons Hadrons interact with nuclei. They break nuclei and liberate nucleons/nuclear fragments. Even if the kinetic energy of the resulting nucleons is measured, the significant fraction of energy is lost to overcome the binding energy. Fluctuations of the number of broken nuclei dominates fluctuations of the observed energy Hadrons interact with nuclei. They break nuclei and liberate nucleons/nuclear fragments. Even if the kinetic energy of the resulting nucleons is measured, the significant fraction of energy is lost to overcome the binding energy. Fluctuations of the number of broken nuclei dominates fluctuations of the observed energy Excellent energy resolution for electrons/photons Excellent energy resolution for electrons/photons Relatively poor energy resolution for hadrons (constant with energy, e/  > 1) Relatively poor energy resolution for hadrons (constant with energy, e/  > 1) Very few broken nuclei: Small number of slow neutrons Large fraction of energy in a form of  o ’s Large number of broken nuclei: large number of slow neutrons Small fraction of energy in a form of  0 ’s

4. Path to High Precision Hadron Calorimetry: Compensate for the Nuclear Energy Losses Compensation principle: E = E obs + k*N nucl Compensation principle: E = E obs + k*N nucl Two possible estimators of N nucl : Two possible estimators of N nucl : N nucl ~ N slow neutrons N nucl ~ N slow neutrons N nucl ~ (1-E em /E tot ) N nucl ~ (1-E em /E tot ) Cherenkov-assisted hadron calorimetry: E em /E tot ~ E Cherenkov /E ionization ‘EM’ shower: relativistic electrons, relatively large amount of Cherenkov light ‘hadronic’ shower – most of the particles below the Cherenkov threshold

5. Program of Studies (software) Systematic step-by-step approach Systematic step-by-step approach Large homogeneous calorimeter Longitudinally segmented calorimeter (same material) Longitudinally segmented calorimeter (several materials) Transversely and longitudinally segmented calorimeter (different materials)

6. Large Homogeneous Calorimeter (Total Absorption) Simulation of homogeneous scintillation/cherenkov calorimeter (stand-alone GEANT4) Simulation of homogeneous scintillation/cherenkov calorimeter (stand-alone GEANT4) Studies of compensating calorimetry with a homogenous calorimeter: Studies of compensating calorimetry with a homogenous calorimeter: compensation algorithm compensation algorithm Single particles, linearity response, e/  Single particles, linearity response, e/  Jets Jets

7. Cherenkov-assisted Calorimetry at Work: Single Particle Case Use the E Cherenkov /E ionization ratio to ‘correct’ the energy measurement Use the E Cherenkov /E ionization ratio to ‘correct’ the energy measurement Corrected pion shower energy = pion energy (“e/  ”=1) Correction function independent of the actual shower energy Single particle energy resolution  E/E=0.25/√E Scales with energy like 1/√E (no ‘constant term’) Linear response

8. Measuring jets (== ensembles of particles) Jet fragmentation (in)dependence Resolution of Cherenkov-corrected energy measurement is nearly independent of the jet fragmentation Resolution (and the response) of the uncorrected energy measurement dependent on the jet composition Fluctuations of EM fraction of jets Do not contribute to the jet energy resolution for Cherenkov- corrected measurement Dominate the jet energy resolution in the uncorrected case

9. Longitudinally Segmented (Sampling) Calorimeter. Uniform Material Uniform medium: no ambiguities in sampling fraction definitions, no particle/energy dependence of sampling fractions. Uniform medium: no ambiguities in sampling fraction definitions, no particle/energy dependence of sampling fractions. Lead glass as a material, 10000 layers 1 mm thick. Lead glass as a material, 10000 layers 1 mm thick. Combinations of layers treated as ‘scintillator’, ‘cherenkov’ and ‘structural’ material Combinations of layers treated as ‘scintillator’, ‘cherenkov’ and ‘structural’ material Contributions to the energy resolution from the geometrical factors Contributions to the energy resolution from the geometrical factors Compensation algorithm Compensation algorithm Resolution and linearity, single particles Resolution and linearity, single particles Resolution and linearity, jets Resolution and linearity, jets Optimization of the readout granularity Optimization of the readout granularity

10. Next Step: Transverse Segmentation Sampling calorimeter, uniform medium, longitudinal and transverse segmentation (SLIC?) Sampling calorimeter, uniform medium, longitudinal and transverse segmentation (SLIC?) Compensation algorithm: use local scintillation/Cherenkov ratio to correct the energy measurement of the ‘hadronic’ component Compensation algorithm: use local scintillation/Cherenkov ratio to correct the energy measurement of the ‘hadronic’ component Optimize of transverse and longitudinal segmentation Optimize of transverse and longitudinal segmentation Single particles resolution and linearity Single particles resolution and linearity Jets Jets Scintillating glass as an implementation Scintillating glass as an implementation

11. Next Step II: Different Materials Sampling fractions: neutrons, electrons and photons Sampling fractions: neutrons, electrons and photons Combination of neutron-based and Cherenkov-based compensation Combination of neutron-based and Cherenkov-based compensation Material choices: plastic scintillator or scintillating glass? Material choices: plastic scintillator or scintillating glass? Compensation algorithm Compensation algorithm Optimization of segmentation Optimization of segmentation Single particles, resolution and linearity Single particles, resolution and linearity jets jets

12. Practical Implementation of a Cherenkov- assisted Hadron Calorimeter Lead glass and scintillator light read out with WLS fiber. Enabling technology: silicon photodetector Lead glass and scintillator light read out with WLS fiber. Enabling technology: silicon photodetector Longitudinal and transverse segmentation, as required by physics driven considerations, relatively easy Longitudinal and transverse segmentation, as required by physics driven considerations, relatively easy Thin layer of structural material (steel?) may be necessary for support Thin layer of structural material (steel?) may be necessary for support Ultimate hadron energy resolution likely dominated by sampling fluctuations (thickness of lead glass). Optimization in progress. Ultimate hadron energy resolution likely dominated by sampling fluctuations (thickness of lead glass). Optimization in progress. Alternating layers of: lead glass to read out Cherenkov light scintillator to measure (sampled) ionization energy loss

13. Advantages Planar Calorimeter in Comparison with Fiber Based Dual Readout Very good energy resolution for electrons (using lead glass, nearly 100% sampling fraction), hence… Very good energy resolution for electrons (using lead glass, nearly 100% sampling fraction), hence… Uniform calorimeter (the same structure for EM/Hadron section) Uniform calorimeter (the same structure for EM/Hadron section) Easy transverse and longitudinal segmentation Easy transverse and longitudinal segmentation High yield/detection efficiency of the Cherenkov photons High yield/detection efficiency of the Cherenkov photons

14. Studies and Characterization of Silicon Photodetectors (Enabling Technology) Static characterization: I-V curves, temperature dependence Static characterization: I-V curves, temperature dependence ‘Dark’ measurements (as a function of temperature, overvoltage, thresholds) ‘Dark’ measurements (as a function of temperature, overvoltage, thresholds) Rates Rates Gain Gain Afterpulsing and cross-talk Afterpulsing and cross-talk Characterization of the detector response to a calibrated low intensity light source (0.1 – 1000 photons) as a function of operating conditions (temperature, voltage) Characterization of the detector response to a calibrated low intensity light source (0.1 – 1000 photons) as a function of operating conditions (temperature, voltage) Micro-pixel studies of the detector response over the front face of the detector (uniformity of gain, cross-talks, detection efficiency) Micro-pixel studies of the detector response over the front face of the detector (uniformity of gain, cross-talks, detection efficiency)

15. Goals Develop a complete characteristics of the detector response. Identify relevant variables. Develop a complete characteristics of the detector response. Identify relevant variables. For example: is G(T,V) = G(  V), with V brkd = V brkd (T) ? For example: is G(T,V) = G(  V), with V brkd = V brkd (T) ? Try to relate some of the characteristics to the detector design and construction Try to relate some of the characteristics to the detector design and construction For example inter- and intra micro-pixel response uniformity For example inter- and intra micro-pixel response uniformity Develop algorithm for readout strategy and calibration procedure (integration time, cross-talk, after-pulses, etc..) Develop algorithm for readout strategy and calibration procedure (integration time, cross-talk, after-pulses, etc..)

16. Detector Samples Existing Existing Hamamatsu (100, 50 and 25  micropixels) Hamamatsu (100, 50 and 25  micropixels) IRST (several designs) IRST (several designs) CPTA CPTA Mehti Mehti Dubna (two designs) Dubna (two designs) Forthcoming Forthcoming SensL SensL Others? Others?

17. Step 1: Database of Static Characteristics Develop a procedure for imaging of the detector samples (SiDET facility) Develop a procedure for imaging of the detector samples (SiDET facility) Develop an automated procedure for static characterization (breakdown voltage, resistance) as a function of the operating temperature Develop an automated procedure for static characterization (breakdown voltage, resistance) as a function of the operating temperature Keithley 2400 source-meter Keithley 2400 source-meter Dark box Dark box Peltier cold plate Peltier cold plate Labview controls/readout Labview controls/readout Create a database of the samples, enter the static and image data Create a database of the samples, enter the static and image data

18. I-V Characteristics at Different Temperatures Different detectors have quite different operating point Different detectors have quite different operating point Dark current and the operating point depend on temperature Dark current and the operating point depend on temperature

19. Breakdown Voltage: a Knee on the I-V plot? Linear or logarithmic plot (derivative)? Linear or logarithmic plot (derivative)? What is the shoulder on the IV log plot? What is the shoulder on the IV log plot? Different pixels break- down at different voltages?? Different pixels break- down at different voltages?? Is it related to the resolution/width of the single electron peak?? Is it related to the resolution/width of the single electron peak??

20. Step 2: ‘Dark Measurements’ (no external light signal) Readout strategy: Readout strategy: Trans-conductance amplifier ( MITEQ amplifiers: AU-2A-0159, AU- 4A-0150, AM-4A-000110) Trans-conductance amplifier ( MITEQ amplifiers: AU-2A-0159, AU- 4A-0150, AM-4A-000110) Controlled temperature: Controlled temperature: Peltier creates too much of a noise Peltier creates too much of a noise Chiller-based setup under construction Chiller-based setup under construction Tektronix 3000 series digital scope (5 GHz) Tektronix 3000 series digital scope (5 GHz) LabView DAQ and analysis program LabView DAQ and analysis program Root-based analysis environment Root-based analysis environment Dynamical characteristics of the detectors (Later: as a function of the operating temperature). Dynamical characteristics of the detectors (Later: as a function of the operating temperature). Rate (as a function of threshold, voltage and temperature) Rate (as a function of threshold, voltage and temperature) Gain = (Charge of a single avalanche)/e (as a function of threshold, voltage and temperature) Gain = (Charge of a single avalanche)/e (as a function of threshold, voltage and temperature) Examples follow (at the ‘room’ temperature) … Examples follow (at the ‘room’ temperature) …

21. Average Pulse Shapes for Different Thresholds But… average does not necessarily represent the real pulses But… average does not necessarily represent the real pulses

22. Examples of Real Pulses Afterpulses and/or cross-talk Afterpulses and/or cross-talk ~ 5-10% (depending on voltage) ~ 5-10% (depending on voltage) Time constant of tens of nanoseconds Time constant of tens of nanoseconds

23. Gain and Rate as a Function of Voltage

24. Rate and Charge as a Function of Trigger Threshold Single avalanche Double avalanche

25. Step 3: Characterization of the Detector Response to a Calibrated Light Pulse Light source (under construction): Light source (under construction): Short pulse duration (<1 nsec) Short pulse duration (<1 nsec) Absolute light calibration (modified scheme of P. Gorodetzky) Absolute light calibration (modified scheme of P. Gorodetzky) Variable light intensity (0.1 – 1000 photons) Variable light intensity (0.1 – 1000 photons) Readout and analysis scheme (as before) Readout and analysis scheme (as before) As a function of voltage and temperature: As a function of voltage and temperature: PDE PDE Linearity of the ‘prompt’ response (~5 nsec gate) Linearity of the ‘prompt’ response (~5 nsec gate) The rate, time and amplitude distribution of ‘follow-up’ pulses (as a function of the light intensity) The rate, time and amplitude distribution of ‘follow-up’ pulses (as a function of the light intensity)

26. Step 4: Microscopic Studies of the Photodetector (Planned) Focused (calibrated) light source, 2-3  spot size (Selcuk C.) Focused (calibrated) light source, 2-3  spot size (Selcuk C.) Microstage (<1  stepping accuracy) Microstage (<1  stepping accuracy) Dark box containing the detector, focusing lenses and the stage Dark box containing the detector, focusing lenses and the stage Readout as before Readout as before Spatial characteristics of the photodetector, intra and inter- micro pixel variation of: Spatial characteristics of the photodetector, intra and inter- micro pixel variation of: Gain Gain PDE PDE Afterpulses Afterpulses Cross-talk Cross-talk