1. Transfer-based MT with Strong Decoding for a Miserly Data Scenario Alon Lavie Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon University Joint work with: Stephan Vogel, Kathrin Probst, Erik Peterson, Ari Font-Llitjos, Lori Levin, Rachel Reynolds, Jaime Carbonell, Richard Cohen

2. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 2 Rationale and Motivation Our Transfer-based MT approach is specifically designed for limited-data scenarios Hindi SLE was first open-domain large-scale test for our system, but… Hindi turned out to be not a limited-data scenario –1.5 Million words of parallel text Lessons Learned by end of SLE –Basic XFER system did not have a strong decoder –“noisy” statistical lexical resources interfere with transfer-rules in our basic XFER system

3. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 3 Rationale and Motivation Research Questions: How would we do in a more “realistic” minority language scenario, with very limited resources? How does XFER compare with EBMT and SMT under such a scenario? How well can we do when we add a strong decoder to our XFER system? What is the effect of Multi-Engine combination when using a strong decoder?

4. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 4 A Limited Data Scenario for Hindi-to-English Put together a scenario with “miserly” data resources: –Elicited Data corpus: 17589 phrases –Cleaned portion (top 12%) of LDC dictionary: ~2725 Hindi words (23612 translation pairs) –Manually acquired resources during the SLE: 500 manual bigram translations 72 manually written phrase transfer rules 105 manually written postposition rules 48 manually written time expression rules No additional parallel text!!

5. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 5 Learning Transfer-Rules from Elicited Data Rationale: –Large bilingual corpora not available –Bilingual native informant(s) can translate and word align a well-designed elicitation corpus, using our elicitation tool –Controlled Elicitation Corpus designed to be typologically comprehensive and compositional –Significantly enhance the elicitation corpus using a new technique for extracting appropriate data from an uncontrolled corpus –Transfer-rule engine and learning approach support acquisition of generalized transfer-rules from the data

6. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 6 The CMU Elicitation Tool

7. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 7 Elicited Data Collection Goal: Acquire high quality word aligned Hindi- English data to support system development, especially grammar development and automatic grammar learning Recruited team of ~20 bilingual speakers Extracted a corpus of phrases (NPs and PPs) from Brown Corpus section of Penn TreeBank Extracted corpus divided into files and assigned to translators, here and in India Controlled Elicitation Corpus also translated into Hindi Resulting in total of 17589 word aligned translated phrases

8. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 8 XFER System Architecture User Learning Module Elicitation Process SVS Learning Process Transfer Rules Run-Time Module SL Input SL Parser Transfer Engine TL Generator Decoder Module TL Output

9. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 9 The Transfer Engine Analysis Source text is parsed into its grammatical structure. Determines transfer application ordering. Example: 他 看 书。 (he read book) S NP VP N V NP 他 看 书 Transfer A target language tree is created by reordering, insertion, and deletion. S NP VP N V NP he read DET N a book Article “a” is inserted into object NP. Source words translated with transfer lexicon. Generation Target language constraints are checked and final translation produced. E.g. “reads” is chosen over “read” to agree with “he”. Final translation: “He reads a book”

10. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 10 Transfer Rule Formalism Type information Part-of-speech/constituent information Alignments x-side constraints y-side constraints xy-constraints, e.g. ((Y1 AGR) = (X1 AGR)) ; SL: the man, TL: der Mann NP::NP [DET N] -> [DET N] ( (X1::Y1) (X2::Y2) ((X1 AGR) = *3-SING) ((X1 DEF = *DEF) ((X2 AGR) = *3-SING) ((X2 COUNT) = +) ((Y1 AGR) = *3-SING) ((Y1 DEF) = *DEF) ((Y2 AGR) = *3-SING) ((Y2 GENDER) = (Y1 GENDER)) )

11. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 11 Example Transfer Rule ;; PASSIVE OF SIMPLE PAST (NO AUX) WITH LIGHT VERB ;; passive of 43 (7b) {VP,28} VP::VP : [V V V] -> [Aux V] ( (X1::Y2) ((x1 form) = root) ((x2 type) =c light) ((x2 form) = part) ((x2 aspect) = perf) ((x3 lexwx) = 'jAnA') ((x3 form) = part) ((x3 aspect) = perf) (x0 = x1) ((y1 lex) = be) ((y1 tense) = past) ((y1 agr num) = (x3 agr num)) ((y1 agr pers) = (x3 agr pers)) ((y2 form) = part) )

12. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 12 Rule Learning - Overview Goal: Acquire Syntactic Transfer Rules Use available knowledge from the source side (grammatical structure) Three steps: 1.Flat Seed Generation: first guesses at transfer rules; no syntactic structure 2.Compositionality: use previously learned rules to add structure 3.Seeded Version Space Learning: refine rules by generalizing with validation (learn appropriate feature constraints)

13. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 13 Examples of Learned Rules (I) {NP,14244} ;;Score:0.0429 NP::NP [N] -> [DET N] ( (X1::Y2) ) {NP,14434} ;;Score:0.0040 NP::NP [ADJ CONJ ADJ N] -> [ADJ CONJ ADJ N] ( (X1::Y1) (X2::Y2) (X3::Y3) (X4::Y4) ) {PP,4894} ;;Score:0.0470 PP::PP [NP POSTP] -> [PREP NP] ( (X2::Y1) (X1::Y2) )

14. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 14 Examples of Learned Rules (II) ;; OF DEQUINDRE AND 14 MILE ROAD EAST PP::PP [N CONJ NUM N N N POSTP] -> [PREP N CONJ NUM N N N] ( (X7::Y1) (X1::Y2) (X2::Y3) (X3::Y4) (X4::Y5) (X5::Y6) (X6::Y7) ) NP::NP [ADJ N] -> [ADJ N] ( (X1::Y1) (X2::Y2) ((X1 NUM) = (Y2 NUM)) ((X2 CASE) = (X1 CASE)) ((X2 GEN) = (X1 GEN)) ((X2 NUM) = (X1 NUM)) ) NP::NP [N N] -> [N N] ( (X1::Y1) (X2::Y2) ((Y2 NUM) = P) )

15. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 15 Basic XFER System for Hindi Three passes: –Pass1: match against phrase-to-phrase entries (full- forms, no morphology) –Pass2: morphologically analyze input words and match against lexicon – matches are allowed to feed into higher-level transfer grammar rules –Pass3: match original word against lexicon - provides only word-to-word translation, no feeding into grammar rules. “Weak” decoding: greedy left-to-right search that prefers longer input segments

16. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 16 Manual Grammar Development Manual grammar developed only late into SLE exercise, after morphology and lexical resource issues were resolved Covers mostly NPs, PPs and VPs (verb complexes) ~70 grammar rules, covering basic and recursive NPs and PPs, verb complexes of main tenses in Hindi

17. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 17 Manual Transfer Rules: Example ;; PASSIVE OF SIMPLE PAST (NO AUX) WITH LIGHT VERB ;; passive of 43 (7b) {VP,28} VP::VP : [V V V] -> [Aux V] ( (X1::Y2) ((x1 form) = root) ((x2 type) =c light) ((x2 form) = part) ((x2 aspect) = perf) ((x3 lexwx) = 'jAnA') ((x3 form) = part) ((x3 aspect) = perf) (x0 = x1) ((y1 lex) = be) ((y1 tense) = past) ((y1 agr num) = (x3 agr num)) ((y1 agr pers) = (x3 agr pers)) ((y2 form) = part) )

18. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 18 Manual Transfer Rules: Example ; NP1 ke NP2 -> NP2 of NP1 ; Example: jIvana ke eka aXyAya ; life of (one) chapter ==> a chapter of life ; {NP,12} NP::NP : [PP NP1] -> [NP1 PP] ( (X1::Y2) (X2::Y1) ; ((x2 lexwx) = 'kA') ) {NP,13} NP::NP : [NP1] -> [NP1] ( (X1::Y1) ) {PP,12} PP::PP : [NP Postp] -> [Prep NP] ( (X1::Y2) (X2::Y1) )

19. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 19 Adding a “Strong” Decoder XFER system produces a full lattice Edges are scored using word-to-word translation probabilities, trained from the limited bilingual data Decoder uses an English LM (70m words) Decoder can also reorder words or phrases (up to 4 positions ahead) For XFER (strong), ONLY edges from basic XFER system are used!

20. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 20 Testing Conditions Tested on section of JHU provided data: 258 sentences with four reference translations –SMT system (stand-alone) –EBMT system (stand-alone) –XFER system (naïve decoding) –XFER system with “strong” decoder No grammar rules (baseline) Manually developed grammar rules Automatically learned grammar rules –XFER+SMT with strong decoder (MEMT)

21. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 21 Results on JHU Test Set SystemBLEUM-BLEUNIST EBMT0.0580.1654.22 SMT0.0930.1914.64 XFER (naïve) man grammar 0.0550.1774.46 XFER (strong) no grammar 0.1090.2245.29 XFER (strong) learned grammar 0.1160.2315.37 XFER (strong) man grammar 0.1350.2435.59 XFER+SMT0.1360.2435.65

22. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 22 Effect of Reordering in the Decoder

23. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 23 Observations and Lessons (I) XFER with strong decoder outperformed SMT even without any grammar rules –SMT Trained on elicited phrases that are very short –SMT has insufficient data to train more discriminative translation probabilities –XFER takes advantage of Morphology Token coverage without morphology: 0.6989 Token coverage with morphology: 0.7892 Manual grammar currently quite a bit better than automatically learned grammar –Learned rules did not use version-space learning –Large room for improvement on learning rules –Importance of effective well-founded scoring of learned rules

24. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 24 Observations and Lessons (II) Strong decoder for XFER system is essential, even with extremely limited data XFER system with manual or automatically learned grammar outperforms SMT and EBMT in the extremely limited data scenario –where is the cross-over point? MEMT based on strong decoder produced best results in this scenario Reordering within the decoder provided very significant score improvements –Much room for more sophisticated grammar rules –Strong decoder can carry some of the reordering “burden” Conclusion: transfer rules (both manual and learned) offer significant contributions that can complement existing data-driven approaches –Also in medium and large data settings?

25. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 25 Conclusions Initial steps to development of a statistically grounded transfer-based MT system with: –Rules that are scored based on a well-founded probability model –Strong and effective decoding that incorporates the most advanced techniques used in SMT decoding Working from the “opposite” end of research on incorporating models of syntax into “standard” SMT systems [Knight et al] Our direction makes sense in the limited data scenario

26. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 26 Future Directions Significant work on automatic rule learning (especially Seeded Version Space Learning) Improved leveraging from manual grammar resources, interaction with bilingual speakers Developing a well-founded model for assigning scores (probabilities) to transfer rules Improving the strong decoder to better fit the specific characteristics of the XFER model MEMT with improved –Combination of output from different translation engines with different scorings – strong decoding capabilities

27. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 27 Debug Output with Sources praXAnamaMwrIatalajI, rAjyapAla SrI BAI mahAvIra va muKyamaMwrI SrI xigvijayasiMha sahiwa aneka newAoM ne Soka vyakwa kiyA hE | gyAwavya ho ki jile ke cAroM kRewroM meM mawaxAna wIna aktUbara ko honA hE |

28. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 28 Main CMU Contributions to SLE Shared Resources OFFICIAL CREDIT ON SLE WEBSITE "PROCESSED RESOURCES": CMU Phrase Lexicon Joyphrase.gz (Ying Zhang, 3.5 MB) Cleaned IBM lexicon ibmlex-cleaned.txt.gz (Ralf Brown, 1.5 MB) CMU Aligned Sentences CMU-aligned-sentences.tar.gz (Lori Levin, 1.3 MB) Indian Government Parallel Text ERDC.tgz (Raj Reddy and Alon Lavie, 338 MB) CMU Phrases and sentences CMU-phrases+sentences.zip (Lori Levin, 468 KB) Bilingual Named Entity List IndiaTodayLPNETranslists.tar.gz (Fei Huang, 54KB) OFFICIAL CREDIT ON SLE WEBSITE "FOUND RESOURCES": Osho http://www.osho.com/Content.cfm?Language=Hindi

29. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 29 Other CMU Contributions to SLE Shared Resources FOUND RESOURCES BUT NO CREDIT: [From TidesSLList Archive website] Vogel email 6/2 –Hindi Language Resources: http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindilinks.html –General Information on Hindi Script: http://www.latrobe.edu.au/indiangallery/devanagari.htm –Dictionaries at: http://www.iiit.net/ltrc/Dictionaries/Dict_Frame.html –English to Hindu dictionary in different formats: http://sanskrit.gde.to/hindi/ –A small English to Urdu dictionary: http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~navin/india/urdu.dictionary –The Bible at: http://www.gospelcom.net/ibs/bibles/ –The Emille Project: http://www.emille.lancs.ac.uk/home.htm –[Hardcopy phrasebook references] –A Monthly Newsletter of Vigyan Prasar –http://www.vigyanprasar.com/dream/index.asp –Morphological Analyser: http://www.iiit.net/ltrc/morph/index.htm

30. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 30 Other CMU Contributions to SLE Shared Resources FOUND RESOURCES BUT NO CREDIT: (cont.) [From TidesSLList Archive website] Tribble email, via Vogel 6/2 Possible parallel websites: –http://www.bbc.co.uk (English) –http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/ (Hindi) –http://sify.com/news_info/news/http://sify.com/news_info/news/ –http://sify.com/hindi/http://sify.com/hindi/ –http://in.rediff.com/index.html (English) –http://www.rediff.com/hindi/index.html (Hindi) –http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/index.htmlhttp://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/index.html –http://www.indiatodayhindi.com Vogel email 6/2 –http://us.rediff.com/index.htmlhttp://us.rediff.com/index.html –http://www.rediff.com/hindi/index.html [Already listed]http://www.rediff.com/hindi/index.html –http://www.niharonline.com/http://www.niharonline.com/ –http://www.niharonline.com/hindi/index.htmlhttp://www.niharonline.com/hindi/index.html –http://www.boloji.com/hindi/index.htmlhttp://www.boloji.com/hindi/index.html –http://www.boloji.com/hindi/hindi/index.htmhttp://www.boloji.com/hindi/hindi/index.htm –The Gita Supersite http://www.gitasupersite.iitk.ac.in/http://www.gitasupersite.iitk.ac.in/ –Press Information Bureau, Government of India English: http://pib.nic.in/http://pib.nic.in/ Hindi: http://pib.nic.in/urdu/hindimain.html

31. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 31 Other CMU Contributions to SLE Shared Resources FOUND RESOURCES BUT NO CREDIT: (cont.) [From TidesSLList Archive website] 6/20 Parallel Hindi/English webpages: –GAIL (Natural Gas Co.) http://gail.nic.in/ UTF-8. [Found by CMU undergrad Web team] [Mike Maxwell, LDC, found it at the same time.] SHARED PROCESSED RESOURCES NOT ON LDC WEBSITE: [From TidesSLList Archive website:] Frederking email 6/3 [announced], 6/4 [provided] –Ralf Brown's idenc encoding classifier Frederking email 6/5 –PDF extractions from LanguageWeaver URLs: http://progress.is.cs.cmu.edu/surprise/Hindi/ParDoc/06-04-2003/English/ http://progress.is.cs.cmu.edu/surprise/Hindi/ParDoc/06-04-2003/Hindi/ http://progress.is.cs.cmu.edu/surprise/Hindi/ParDoc/06-04-2003/English/ Frederking email 6/5 –Richard Wang's Perl ident.pl encoding classifier and ISCII-UTF8.pl converter Frederking email 6/11 –Erik Peterson here has put together a Perl wrapper for the IIIT Morphology package, so that the input can be UTF-8: http://progress.is.cs.cmu.edu/surprise/morph_wrapper.tar.gz

32. July 21, 2003TIDES MT Evaluation Workshop 32 Other CMU Contributions to SLE Shared Resources SHARED PROCESSED RESOURCES NOT ON LDC WEBSITE: (cont.) [From TidesSLList Archive website:] Levin email 6/13 –Directory of Elicited Word-Aligned English-Hindi Translated Phrases: http://progress.is.cs.cmu.edu/surprise/Elicited-Data/ Frederking email 6/20 –Undecoded but believed to be parallel webpages: http://progress.is.cs.cmu.edu/surprise/merged_urls.txt –PDF extractions from same: http://progress.is.cs.cmu.edu/surprise/merged_urls/ Frederking email 6/24 –Several individual parallel webpages; sites may have more: www.commerce.nic.in/setup.htm www.commerce.nic.in/hindi/setup.html mohfw.nic.in/kk/95/books1.htm mohfw.nic.in/oph.htm wwww.mp.nic.in www.commerce.nic.in/hindi/setup.html