1. Generics in.NET and C# Generics

2. ”Generic” Programming in C#/Java (as it was until Summer 2005) All classes inherit from Object So we can apply polymorphism and use Object as static type for elements in containers For instance: Object[ ] data this array may take any object as element This approach is well known from standard collections as ArrayList, HashMap etc.

3. Pros and Cons Pros heterogeneous collections... Cons many type casts not type safe type checking is done runtime when casting int and other native (value) type must be wrapped. (boxing – costs runtime overhead) Is this really an advantage?

4. Programming Error The program is incorrect, but we don’t detect it It is preferable, if : The program doesn’t work correctly, and we are told by some runtime error (exception) The compiler rejects the program (compile-time error)

5. Strategy Do as much error-checking compile-time as possible: Advantages: Easier to write correct programs More efficient program execution (better performance) Disadvantages: Restricts programmers creativity (less flexibility) Is this really a disadvantage?

6. The Idea: Types as Parameters C#/Java before 2005: ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); Customer c= (Customer)al.get(i);//cast Instead we want something like: ArrayList al = new ArrayList (); Customer c= al.get(i); – The compiler is able to check that only objects with static type Customer is placed in al – So the compiler knows that everything that may come out from al has static type Customer –So static type checking instead of dynamic type checking is possible –Dynamic casting can be avoided (but is not in all implementations) Type parameter

7. In C#: EmpSeqApplEmpSeqAppl Employee a1 = new Employee("Joe", "Programmer", 10000); Employee a = new Employee("Curt", "Senior Programmer", 20000); Employee b = new Employee("Carl", "Programmer", 10000); Employee c = new Employee("Karen", "System Programmer", 13000); Employee d = new Employee("Lisa", "Programmer", 11000); Employee e = new Employee("John", "System Engineer", 9000); string s = "HELLOOOO!"; IList emps = new List (); emps.Add(a1); emps.Add(a); emps.Add(b); emps.Add(c); emps.Add(d); emps.Add(e); //emps.Add(s);//COMPILER ERROR!!!!

8. .NET Generics

9. But everything comes at a price: no heterogeneous collections But that is not so bad... more complicated type system more complicated syntax one needs a pre-processor, giving slower compilation more mysterious error messages

10. Generics vs. Polymorphism Generics: all elements has the same static type (not object!) static typing (compile-time), static binding is possible For instance trying to insert a float to List l yields an compiler error Data Structures based on Polymorphism: elements may have different types, but all must be subtypes of Object Dynamic type-checking (when casting) Dynamic binding