1. 1 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Parametric Optimization of In-Vacuum Undulators; Segmented “Adaptive-Gap Undulator” Concept O. Chubar, with contributions from T. Tanabe, C. Kitegi, G. Rakowsky, A. Blednykh, J. Bengtsson, Y. Q. Cai, S. Hulbert, Q. Shen, and S. Dierker (Photon Sciences Directorate, BNL) NSLS-II ε x = 0.55 nm E = 3 GeV, I = 0.5 A ICFA Workshop on Future Light Sources JLAB, March 5-9, 2012

2. 2 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Outline 1.Approved NSLS-II Beamlines and IDs 2.Parametric Optimization of In-Vacuum Undulators 3.Some Details of Undulator Emission (inspired by discussions at this Workshop) 4.Segmented Adaptive-Gap Undulator - Concept - Magnetic Design Issues - Spectral Performance 5.Conclusions

3. NSLS-II “Project”, NEXT, and ABBIX (NIH) Beamlines and IDs BL ID straight type ID type, incl. period (mm) LengthK max FE type † # of ID's (base scope) # FE'sProject CSX lo-βEPU49 (PPM) x24m (2 x 2m)4.34canted (0.18)21NSLS-II IXS hi-βIVU22 (H) x26m (2 x 3m)1.52std11NSLS-II HXN lo-βIVU20 (H)3m1.83std11NSLS-II CHX lo-βIVU20 (H)3m1.83std11NSLS-II SRX lo-βIVU21 (H)1.5m1.79canted (2.0)11NSLS-II XPD hi-βDW100 (H)6.8m (2x3.4m)~16.5DW01NSLS-II ESM hi-β EPU56 (PPM) & EPU180 (EM) 3m 4m 3.64 6.8 canted (0.5)21NEXT SIX hi-βEPU49 (PPM) x27m (2 x 3.5m)3.5std11NEXT ISR hi-βIVU23 (H)3.0m1.6-2.07*canted**11NEXT SMI lo-βIVU22 (H)1.3m2.05canted11NEXT ISS hi-βDW100 (H)6.8m (2x3.4m)~16.5DW01NEXT FXI hi-βDW100 (H)6.8m (2x3.4m)~16.5DW01NEXT FMX lo-βIVU21 (H)1.5m1.79canted (2.0)11NIH AMX lo-βIVU21 (H)1.5m1.79canted (2.0)1 0 (joint w/FMX) NIH LIX hi-βIVU23 (H)3.0m1.6-2.07*canted**11NIH PPM:Pure Permanent-Magnet EM:Electro-Magnet H:Hybrid magnetic design † For canted IDs/FEs, ( ) shows canting angle in mrad * Depending on location within ID straight section ** Off-center canting magnet location in ID straight section S. Dierker, Q. Shen, S. Hulbert

4. 4 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Hybrid In-Vacuum Undulator Magnetic Performance, Required Gaps and Acceptable Lengths IVU Parameters Reference Geometry: Pole Width: 40 mm Pole Height: 25 mm Pole Thickness: 3 mm (for λ u = 20 mm) Magnet Width: 50 mm Magnet Height: 29 mm Materials: Pole: Va Permendur NEOMAX Magnet: NdFeB, PrFeB RADIA Model (central part) β y0 = 3.4 m β y0 = 1.06 m IVU Lengths Satisfying Vertical “Stay Clear” Constraints in Low- and High-Beta Straight Sections Fundamental Photon Energy vs Gap for Different IVU Periods (E = 3 GeV) Max. Length in Lo-β Sect. Max. Length in Hi-β Sect.

5. Hybrid In-Vacuum Undulator Magnetic Performance: Halbach Scaling Law Following P. Elleaume, J. Chavanne, B. Faatz, NIM-A 455 (2000), 503-523 Planned SCU for DIAMOND (J. Clarke)

6. 6 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Spectral Brightness and Flux at Odd Harmonics of Various IVU in Low-Beta Straight NSLS-II, Low-Beta Straight Section I = 0.5 A; ε x = 0.55 nm; ε y = 8 pm; σ E /E = 8.9x10 -4 Magnet Material: NdFeB, Br = 1.12 T BrightnessFlux

7. 7 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Spectral Flux of Different IVUs – IXS “Candidates” – Satisfying E-Beam Vertical “Stay Clear” Constraint E-Beam Energy: 3 GeV Current: 0.5 A NSLS-II High-Beta (Long) Straight Section Maximal Spectral Flux through 100 μrad (H) x 50 μrad (V) Aperture ~9.13 keV

8. 8 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Spectral Flux of Room-Temperature & Cryogenic IVUs Satisfying E-Beam Vertical “Stay Clear” Constraint ~9.13 keV ~4.7 keV IXS Beamline (High-Beta Straight Section; 100 μrad H x 50 μrad V Ap.) SRX Beamline (one of two Canted Undulators in Low-Beta Straight Sect.; 150 μrad H x 50 μrad V Ap.)

9. Effect of Electron Beam Energy Spread on Spectral Flux of IXS IVU22-6 m I = 0.5 A, High-Beta straight section 100 μrad (H) x 50 μrad (V) Aperture 20 x 20 μrad 2 Aperture

10. E-Beam Energy: 3 GeV Current: 0.5 A Undulator Period: 20 mm Vertical Cuts (x = 0) Intensity Distributions in 1:1 Image Plane UR “Single-Electron” Intensity and “Multi-Electron” Flux Undulator Ideal Lens 1:1 Image Plane “Phase-Space Volume” Estimation for Vertical Plane “Phase-Space Volume” Estimation for Vertical Plane (RMS sizes/divergences calculated for the portions of intensity distributions containing 95% of flux) H5 Intensity Distributions at 30 m from Undulator Center Single-Electron Undulator Radiation Intensity Distributions “in Far Field” and “at Source”

11. At 30 m from Undulator Horizontal Cuts (y = 0) Vertical Cuts (x = 0) IVU20 Ideal Lens1:1 Image Plane IVU20-3m Spectral Flux IVU20-3m Spectral Flux through 100 μrad (H) x 50 μrad (V) Aperture at K~1.5 providing H5 peak at ~10 keV In 1:1 Image Plane Test Optical Scheme Horizontal Cuts (y = 0) Vertical Cuts (x = 0) Intensity Distributions at ~10 keV Electron Beam: Hor. Emittance: 0.9 nm Vert. Emittance: 8 pm Energy Spread: 8.9x10 -4 Current: 0.5 A Low-Beta Straight …very far from Coherent Gaussian Beam ! X-Ray Beam Angular Divergence and “Source Size” from Partially-Coherent Wavefront Propagation Simulations RMS sizes/divergences calculated for the portions of intensity distributions containing 95% of flux

12. 12 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Comparison of IVU Spectral Flux (per Unit Surface) for IXS Locations in Low- and High-Beta Straights E-Beam Energy: 3 GeV Current: 0.5 A Spectral Flux of different IVU providing H5 peak at ~9.1 keV Flux per Unit Surface (Intensity) Distributions at 20 m from IVUs (ε = 9.13 keV) Horizontal Cuts (y = 0)Vertical Cuts (x = 0) IVU20-3m in Low-Beta Straight Section IVU22-6m in High-Beta Straight Section

13. 13 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES IVU22 – 6 m Spectral Flux (per Unit Surface) Near Harmonic Peak Spectral Flux at K~1.5 Providing H5 at ~9.1 keV E-Beam Energy: 3 GeV Current: 0.5 A High-Beta (Long) Straight Section Flux per Unit Surface (Intensity) Distributions at 20 m from Undulator Center Horizontal Cuts (y = 0)Vertical Cuts (x = 0)

14. 14 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Possible Next Step on IVU Optimization: Segmented “Adaptive-Gap Undulators” λ u ≈ 22.87 mm K ≈ 1.45 G ≈ 7.74 mm 19.59 mm 1.67 5.21 mm λ u ≈ 22.54 mm K ≈ 1.47 G ≈ 7.46 mm 19.64 mm 1.66 5.25 mm 20.24 mm 1.62 5.68 mm 21.26 mm 1.55 6.45 mm λ u ≈ 22.87 mm K ≈ 1.45 G ≈ 7.74 mm 19.74 mm 1.66 5.32 mm 20.98 mm 1.57 6.23 mm λ u = 22 mm K ≈ 1.5 G ≈ 7 mm Magnetic Field (NSLS-II IXS BL Example) IVU22 Basic Points about Segmented AGU: ● ● All segments are tuned to the same Resonant Photon Energy ● ● Vertical Gaps in segments satisfy “Stay- Clear” and Impedance Constraints ● ● Undulator Period may vary from segment to segment (however it is constant within one Segment)

15. 17.58 mm 1.095 7.46 mm λ u ≈ 15.38 mm K ≈ 1.287 G ≈ 5.25 mm 15.84 mm 1.244 5.68 mm 16.63 mm 1.175 6.45 mm Magnetic Field B r = 1.5 T N per = 423 λ u ≈ 19.64 mm K ≈ 1.66 G ≈ 5.25 mm 20.24 mm 1.62 5.68 mm 21.26 mm 1.55 6.45 mm Magnetic Field 22.54 mm 1.47 7.46 mm B r = 1.12 T N per = 331 18.82 mm 0.994 7.46 mm λ u ≈ 16.61 mm K ≈ 1.177 G ≈ 5.25 mm 17.07 mm 1.138 5.68 mm 17.85 mm 1.072 6.45 mm Electron Trajectory (after correction) Magnetic Field B r = 1.12 T N per = 394 Parameters of AGU “Candidates” for IXS Beamline Room-Temperature AGU E 1 = 1.824 keV (E 5 = 9.12 keV) Room-Temperature AGU E 1 = 3.04 keV (E 3 = 9.12 keV) Cryo-Cooled AGU E 1 = 3.04 keV (E 3 = 9.12 keV)

16. 16 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES “Kick” Angle between AGU Segments Part i with Peak Field B i and period i Part i+1 with Peak Field B i+1 and period i+1 Max. electron deflection in Part i K i /  Max. electron deflection in Part i+1 K i+1 /   Kick Angle at the interface (K i+1 - K i )/  The large magnetic susceptibility of poles changes the kick angle Ch. Kitegi

17. 17 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Possible AGU Active Correction Scheme Correction with coils in entrant Ports Keep coil in air Compatible with CPMU Horizontal Traj [mm] Part iPart i +1 Part iPart i +1 Horizontal Traj [mm] Initial Trajectory Kick due to Coils Ch. Kitegi

18. AGU Field and Electron Trajectories Segment junction

19. Spectral Flux of AGU and IVU “Candidates” for NSLS-II IXS Beamline Spectral Flux through 100 μrad (H) x 50 μrad (V) Aperture from Finite-Emittance Electron Beam On-axis Spectral Flux per Unit Surface from Filament Electron Beam at 20 m Observation Distance E e = 3 GeV, I e = 0.5 A; NSLS-II High-β (Long) Straight

20. Approximate (!) Estimation of Spectral Flux at Odd Harmonics of AGU and IVU “Candidates” for IXS E e = 3 GeV, I e = 0.5 A; NSLS-II High-β (Long) Straight

21. Estimation of Spectral Performances of (cryo-)AGU and (cryo-)IVU in Low-Beta Straight of NSLS-II E e = 3 GeV, I e = 0.5 A; NSLS-II Low-β (Short) Straight Spectral Flux in 100 μrad (H) x 50 μrad (V) Aperture

22. Examples of AGU Radiation Intensity Distributions for a Room-Temperature, 7 x 1 m AGU with E 1 = 3.04 keV E e = 3 GeV, I e = 0.5 A; NSLS-II High-β (Long) Straight Intensity Distributions at 20 m Spectral Flux at 3 rd Harmonic Aperture: 100 μrad (h) x 50 μrad (v) Horizontal Cuts (y = 0) Vertical Cuts (x = 0) Shapes of all distributions are very similar to those of a regular undulator…

23. Geometries Considered 2D Impedance Analysis of Segmented AGU for NSLS-II Long Straight Section by A. Blednykh Longitudinal Short-Range Wakepotential Vertical Short-Range Wakepotential Estimated Longitudinal Loss Factors, Power Losses, and Transverse Kick Factors “Constant Gap” “Stepped Gap Variation” “Linear Gap Variation”

24. 24 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Discussion on AGU ● Segmented Adaptive-Gap Undulators (AGUs) allow for most efficient use of space available in (long) Straight Sections of modern Storage Ring sources; ● According to estimations, Room-temperature AGU can offer better spectral performance in Medium-Energy Electron Storage Rings than “standard” Room-temperature IVUs, and even Cryo-cooled IVUs (depending on magnet lattice); ● AGU concept is applicable to ~any magnet technology: AGUs can possibly be made Cryo- cooled, and maybe even Superconducting; ● AGU effects on electron beam seem to be tolerable: “stay-clear” constraint is satisfied “by definition”, impedance seems to be within acceptable limits; heat load on magnet arrays can be tolerable as well; ● AGUs seem to be feasible (at least room-temperature version), from the points of view of magnetic and mechanical designs; ● Production cost of AGU segments can be not very high: assembly and shimming of short segments is simpler than longer ones; mechanics doesn’t need to withstand large forces; overall undulator dimensions can be smaller.

25. 25 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Conclusions on Undulator Optimization The described insertion device design and optimization activity, which is based on high-accuracy calculations in different areas: - (3D) magnetostatics - accelerator physics - synchrotron radiation - thermal and mechanical stress analysis allows to find most appropriate ID parameters for experimental program of every NSLS-II beamline, taking into account all existing constraints and maximally profiting from available magnet technologies and unique features of the NSLS-II storage ring.

26. Acknowledgments n J.-L. Laclare, P. Elleaume n J. Chavanne (ESRF) n M.-E. Couprie, A. Nadji (SOLEIL) n NSLS-II ID and Accelerator Physics Group Computer Codes RADIA and SRW were started at ESRF in 1996 These codes are updated from time to time on the ESRF Web site:http://ftp.esrf.fr/pub/InsertionDevices/ Tracy Tracy was started at LBNL in 1990 Tracy-3 Tracy-3 is the most recent version available from J. Bengtsson (NSLS-II)

28. 28 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Effects of Different IVUs on Electron Beam Dynamics: “2nd-Order Kicks” Theory: P. Elleaume, EPAC-92 From Baseline IVU20 at E = 3 GeV (Radia) In Horizontal Median Plane In Vertical Median Plane w pole ≥ 40 mm is OK for Low-Beta Straight Section Tracy-2 Particle Tracking Simulation Results for NSLS-II: w pole ≥ 60 mm is OK for High-Beta Straight Section From IXS Beamline “Candidate” IVUs In Horizontal Median Plane w pole = Horizontal Position [mm] 15 μrad 10 5 0 -5 -10 Horizontal Kick The baseline magnetic design, which assumed the use of IVUs in Low-Beta Straight Sections, can hardly be applied for the High-Beta Sections J. Bengtsson

29. 29 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Radia Model (reduced number of periods) APPLE-II Undulator Period Choice Invented by S. Sasaki B r = 1.25 (NdFeB) CSX beamline choice: λ u = 49 mm Minimal (11.5 mm Gap) and Maximal Photon Energies of the Fundamental Harmonic vs Undulator Period for E = 3 GeV

30. 30 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES APPLE-II Effect on Electron Beam Linear Vertical Polarization Mode Tune Shift from 2-nd Order Kick: Horizontal Magnetic Field “Roll-Off” In Horizontal Median Plane (Radia) Horizontal 2 nd Order Kick at E = 3 GeV Passive and active compensation schemes of APPLE-II “natural” focusing effects are under investigation based on ESRF, BESSY-II and SOLEIL experiences Horizontal Tune Shift in Low- and High-Beta Straight Sections of NSLS-II

31. Compensation of APPLE-II Dynamic Focusing Effects by Current Strips RADIA EPU Model with Strips Idea: I. Blomqvist Implementation at BESSY: J. Bahrdt Vertical (Equivalent) Field Integral [G.cm] Horizontal Position [mm] Current [A] Horizontal Position [mm] in Linear Vertical Polarization Mode Equivalent Vertical Field Integrals from Dynamic Focusing and from the Current Strips Compensating Currents in Lower Strips Electron Trajectory in 3D Magnetic Field Without and With Correction Horizontal Trajectory Longitudinal Position [mm] x 0 =0, y 0 =0 before Undulator Vertical Trajectory Horiz. Position [μm] Vertical Position [μm] Horizontal Trajectory x 0 = -4 mm, y 0 =0 before Undulator x 0 = 4 mm, y 0 =0 before Undulator Longitudinal Position [mm] Horizontal Position [μm] Longitudinal Position [mm] Horizontal Position [μm] Efficient Solving for Currents Using Least-Squares Linear Fit Field Integral (at y=0) from Current Densities: Current Densities from Field Integral: Number of Strips used: 2 x 20 Strip Dims: 2 mm x 0.3 mm x 2 m Horizontal Gap bw Strips: 1 mm Vertical Gap bw Strips: 10.7 mm Max. Current obtained: ~ 2.3 A APPLE-II Vertical Gap: 11.5 mm Since the Dynamic Effects are Anti-Symmetric vs x: Matrix calculated by Radia

32. Compensation of APPLE-II Dynamic Focusing Effects by Current Strips in Linear Tilted (45˚) Polarization Mode Equivalent Field Integrals from Dynamic Focusing and from the Current Strips Compensating Currents in Lower Strips Electron Trajectory in 3D Magnetic Field Without and With Correction HorizontalVertical Horizontal Position [mm] Current [A] “Current Strips” are efficient, however require dedicated additional “Feed- Forward” correction tables… Horizontal (Equivalent) Field Integral [G.cm] Horizontal Position [mm] dynam. effect current strips Horizontal Position [mm] Vertical (Equivalent) Field Integral [G.cm] dynam. effect current strips Horizontal Trajectory Longitudinal Position [mm] x 0 = 0, y 0 = 0 before Undulator Horizontal Position [μm] Vertical Position [μm] Vertical Trajectory x 0 = -4 mm, y 0 = 0 before Undulator Longitudinal Position [mm] Horizontal Position [μm] Vertical Position [μm] Horizontal Trajectory Vertical Trajectory x 0 = 4 mm, y 0 = 0 before Undulator Horizontal Position [μm] Vertical Position [μm] Horizontal Trajectory Vertical Trajectory Longitudinal Position [mm]

33. Spectral-Angular Distributions of Emission from 2x3.5 m Long Damping Wiggler in “Inline” Configuration Angular Profiles of DW Emission at Different Photon Energies 1/  ≈ 170 μrad FWHM Angular Divergence of DW Emission Spectral Flux per Unit Solid Angle Horizontal Profiles Vertical Profiles

34. 34 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES TPW Field taken from magnetic simulations BM Field is taken from magnetic measurements on a prototype BM with “nose” Longitudinal Position s are approximate Electron Energy: 3 GeV Current: 0.5 A Hor. Emittance: 0.9 nm Vert. Emittance: 8 pm Initial Conditions: = 0, = 0 in TPW Center Upstream BM Downstream BM TPW On-Axis Magnetic Field in Dispersion Section Spectral Flux through 1.75 mrad (H) x 0.1 mrad (V) Aperture (centered on the axis) On-Axis Spectral Flux per Unit Surface at 30 m from TPW Average Electron Trajectory: Horizontal Angle Average Electron Trajectory: Horizontal Position TPW: Magnetic Field, Electron Trajectory and Spectra (in presence of Bending Magnets)

35. TPW and BM Radiation Intensity Distributions (Hard X-rays) Horizontal Cuts at y = 0 Intensity Distributions at Different Photon Energies at 30 m from TPW Electron Current: 0.5 A Vertical Cuts at x = 0

36. 36 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Angular Power Density Distributions of Radiation from NSLS-II Insertion Devices Undulators and Multi-Pole Wigglers Horizontal FWHM Angle: Vertical FWHM Angle: Three-Pole Wiggler and Bending Magnet Radiation at 30 m In Horizontal Mid-Plane In Vertical Mid-Plane |θ X | = 4.75 mrad |θ X | ≈ 2.6 mrad θ X = 0 θ X = 1.5 mrad In Horizontal Mid-Plane NSLS-II: E = 3 GeV, I = 0.5 A

37. 37 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Power Density Distributions of Radiation from NSLS-II Insertion Devices at Fixed Masks (at ~16 m) DW100 (2 x 3.5 m) SCW60 (1 m) TPW IVU20 (3 m) IVU21 (1.5 m) IVU22 (6 m) EPU49 (2 x 2 m) LH mode EPU49 (2 x 2 m) LV mode EPU49 (2 x 2 m) LT-45º mode EPU49 (2 x 2 m) Helical mode NSLS-II: E = 3 GeV, I = 0.5 A IVU, EPU power is given for min. gaps 2 x EPU49 are in canted mode P ≈ 61 kWP ≈ 40 kWP ≈ 0.4 kW P ≈ 8.1 kWP ≈ 3.6 kWP ≈ 9.4 kW P ≈ 10 kWP ≈ 5.7 kWP ≈ 3.7 kW P ≈ 7.3 kW

38. Radiation Power Density Distributions on Straight Section Chamber Wall for DW90 (9.5 mm int. chamber size) and DW100 (11.5 mm int. chamber size) for “Mis-Steered” E-Beam Magnetic Field Horizontal Projection of Electron Trajectory Vertical Projection of “Mis-Steered” Electron Trajectory NSLS-II: E = 3 GeV, I = 0.5 A High-Beta Straight Section “Mis-steered” electron initial conditions: y 0 = 2 mm, y 0 ’= 0.25 mrad at z 0 ≈ -3.8 m DW100 chamber wall (y = 5.75 mm) DW90 chamber wall (y = 4.75 mm) Power Density Distributions on Chamber Wall DW90 (y = 4.75 mm) Horizontal Cuts at Longitudinal Position z = 3.9 m Longitudinal Cuts at Horizontal Position x = 0 DW100 (y = 5.75 mm) P ≈ 4.05 kW P ≈ 0.51 kW

39. EPU49 (2 x 2m) Radiation Power (Helical Mode, 11.5 mm Min. Gap) on Straight Section Chamber Wall at Different Vertical Offsets and Angular Deviations of Electron Beam Electron Beam Current: 0.5 A Power Density Distributions on Chamber Wall Deposited Power in vertical median plane (x = 0) in vertical median plane (x = 0) at different e-beam vertical offsets at different e-beam vertical angular deviations (applied before undulator) Δy = 0 Δy‘= 0.8 mrad Δy = 3.5 mm Δy’ = 0

40. Results of Vacuum Chamber Heat Conductivity Analysis For “Mis-Steered” Electron Beam in EPU49 (Helical Mode) 1) Δy’ = 0.25 mrad, Δy = 2 mm, E ph = 220 eV P = 1240 W, T max = 169.5 °CP = 580 W, T max = 128.5 °C 2) Δy’ = 0.25 mrad, Δy = 1.5 mm, E ph = 220 eV P = 860 W, T max = 136 °C 3) Δy’ = 0.25 mrad, Δy = 2 mm, E ph = 270 eV 4) Δy’ = 0.25 mrad, Δy = 2 mm, E ph = 400 eV P = 380 W, T max = 92.8 °C ANSYS calculations courtesy of V. Ravindranath

41. Summary of Calculations of Radiation Power Density on Straight Section Vacuum Chamber Walls (or IVU Ni-Cu Foils) for Different NSLS-II IDs ID Intern. Chamber Size / IVU Gap [mm] Electron Beam Angular Deviation [mrad] Electron Beam + Chamber Posit. Offset [mm] Deposited Radiation Power [W] (at I = 0.5 A) Max. Power Density [W/mm 2 ] Max. Temperature [deg. C] DW10011.50.252.0500~0.0275 --||-- 0.251.5235~0.00946 EPU49 (helical)8.00.252.012400.5170 --||-- 0.251.55800.27130 IVU205.00.251.57802.08 --||-- 0.251.252000.41 --||-- 0.251.0650.11 --||-- 02.01800.19 --||-- 01.525~0.02 IVU226.950.251.59500.71 --||-- 0.251.254600.30 --||-- 0.251.02400.14 --||-- 0.250.751300.067 --||-- 0.250.5750.035 --||-- 02.070~0.02 --||-- 01.530~0.007 Task Force on “Synchrotron Radiation Protection” has been recently created in ASD (headed by P. Ilinsky, Accelerator Physics group) - to treat questions about “mis-steering” assumptions, tolerances, equipment protection schemes, precautions at ID operation, etc.

42. 42 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Estimated Spectral Flux and Brightness of the First Planned NSLS-II Undulators Spectral Flux through Fixed Apertures (200 μrad x 200 μrad for APPLE-II, 150 μrad H x 50 μrad V for IVU in Low-Beta, 100 μrad H x 50 μrad V in High-Beta Straights) Approximate Spectral Brightness at Odd Harmonics

43. 43 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Estimated Spectral Brightness and Flux of Main NSLS-II Radiation Sources Approximate Spectral Brightness at Odd Harmonics Approximate Undulator Spectral Flux Approximate Wiggler Spectral Flux per Unit Horiz. Angle

44. 44 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Estimated Spectral Brightness of NSLS-II Compared to Other Synchrotron Sources