1. Do Now 2  List at least 3 major functions of the skeletal system Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

2. Skeletal System - Do Now 3  What is the most dangerous bone to break?  What is the most commonly broken bone(s)? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

3. Skeletal System - Do Now 4  What do you understand by the expressions:  Bone tired?  Dry as a bone?  Bag of bones? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

4. Skeletal System - Do Now 5  Where are the majority of our bones?  In our head, hands, feet, or vertebra? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

5.  Over half your bones are found in your hands and feet. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 in each hand. 26 x 2 = 52 27 x 2 = 54 _________ 106 (total bones: 206 – 106 = 100)

6. Skeletal System - Do Now 6  How well do you know the major bones?  What is the best way to remember them? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

7. Skeletal System  Write a quiz for your partner and score a pre and post grade.  Based on your notes, please write down the 20 major bones labeled on the skeleton handout  Write a pneumonic device to remember the major bones of the body. Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

8. Skeletal System - Do Now  How are you memorizing the bones?  How are bones differentiated from one another? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

9. Skeletal System - Do Now  Without looking at your notes – Please list the 7 main bones of our legs and the 6 major bones in our arms! Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

10. Skeletal System - Do Now 1  What is the most painful injury you have ever had?  Have you ever broken a bone? Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

11. Objectives Content:  Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular.  Name the four kinds of bones.  Label the major anatomical areas of long bones. Language:  List three functions of the skeletal system Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

12. You already know a lot!!!  You are probably aware of many functions for the skeletal system!  For example:  What does it do?  What can go wrong?  Where are our bones?

13. The Skeletal System  Parts of the skeletal system  Bones (skeleton)  Joints  Cartilages  Ligaments Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

14. The Skeletal System  Divided into two divisions  Axial skeleton  Appendicular skeleton Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

15. AXIAL SKELETON  THE AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE LONG AXIS OF THE BODY AND INCLUDES THE BONES OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE.

16. AXIAL SKELETON  GENERALLY THESE BONES ARE MOST INVOLVED IN PROTECTING, AND SUPPORTING.

17. AXIAL SKELETON

19. APPENDICULAR SKELETON  THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF THE BONES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS, AND THE GIRDLES THAT ATTACH THE LIMBS TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.

20. APPENDICULAR SKELETON  THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF 126 BONES. IT FUNCTIONS TO HELP IN MOVEMENT.

21. AXIAL and APPENDICULAR SKELETONS

22. Functions of Bones  1. SUPPORT  2. PROTECTION  3. MOVEMENT  4. MINERAL STORAGE  5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

23. 1. Support  The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral column support the weight of the erect body.  The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.  Other bones support various organs and tissues. 2. Protection  The bones of the skull protect the brain.  Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the lungs and heart.  Vertebrae protect the spinal cord. 3. Movement

24. 4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue  99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone.  85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored in bone.  Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of certain bones. 5. Hematopoiesis  A.k.a. blood cell formation.  All blood cells are made in the marrow of certain bones.

25. Bones of the Human Body  The adult skeleton has 206 bones  Two basic types of bone tissue  Compact bone  Homogeneous  Spongy bone  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

26. Scene 3 (1) 1. What is a parry fracture? What does that mean? 2. How could Sheila know that the ulnar fractures are several years old? 3. What are osteophytic reactions? Could this have something to do with abuse? 4. What causes bone to become ridged and grooved 5. What is an avulsion fracture?

27. Parry Fracture  Monteggia's fracture one in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.

28.  Osteophytic :A small, abnormal bony outgrowth.  An avulsion fracture is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.bone fracturephysical trauma

29. Scene 3 (2) 6. What is remodeling? 7. What is a long bone? Why would these be particularly robust? 8. What are other kinds of bones? 9. What does lumbar mean? 10. Why are the lumbar verts osteophytic? 11. Why is what Theo’s guardians do for a living relevant?

30. CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE  THE BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON COME IN MANY SIZES AND SHAPES.  BONES CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE INTO:  LONG; SHORT; FLAT; IRREGULAR. Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones tomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

31. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones tomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

32. Classification of Bones  Long bones  Typically longer than wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends  Contain mostly compact bone  Examples: Femur, humerus Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

33. LONG BONES  Long bones are longer than they are wide.  Long bones have 2 epiphyses, and a diaphysis.  All of the bones of the limbs, except the patella, ankle, and wrist, are long bones.

34. Classification of Bones  Short bones  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly spongy bone  Examples: Carpals, tarsals Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

35. SHORT BONES  Short bones are cube shaped, nearly equal in length and width.  The bones of the wrist and ankle are examples of short bones.

36. Classification of Bones  Flat bones  Thin and flattened  Usually curved  Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone  Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

37. FLAT BONES  Flat bones are thin, flattened, and a bit curved.  The sternum,  scapulae, ribs, and most of the bones of the skull are flat bones.

38. Classification of Bones  Irregular bones  Irregular shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories  Example: Vertebrae and hip Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

39. IRREGULAR BONES  Irregular bones have  complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes.  The vertebrae, the bones of the hip, and some facial bones.

40. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

41. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone  Diaphysis  Shaft  Composed of compact bone  Epiphysis  Ends of the bone  Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

42. Structures of a Long Bone  Periosteum  Outside covering of the diaphysis  Fibrous connective tissue membrane  Sharpey’s fibers  Secure periosteum to underlying bone  Arteries  Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c

43. Structures of a Long Bone  Articular cartilage  Covers the external surface of the epiphyses  Made of hyaline cartilage  Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue pes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

44. Structures of a Long Bone  Medullary cavity  Cavity of the shaft  Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults  Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a

45. Bone Markings  Surface features of bones  Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments  Passages for nerves and blood vessels  Categories of bone markings  Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface  Depressions or cavities – indentations Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

46. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Osteon (Haversian System)  A unit of bone  Central (Haversian) canal  Opening in the center of an osteon  Carries blood vessels and nerves  Perforating (Volkman’s) canal  Canal perpendicular to the central canal  Carries blood vessels and nerves Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

47. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

48. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Lacunae  Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in concentric rings  Lamellae  Rings around the central canal  Sites of lacunae Detail of Figure 5.3

49. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Canaliculi  Tiny canals  Radiate from the central canal to lacunae  Form a transport system Detail of Figure 5.3 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

50. Skeletal System - Do Now  List at least three problems that can occur in the skeletal system (from what we have seen as see what your own experience). Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

51. Changes in the Human Skeleton  In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage  During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in isolated areas  Bridge of the nose  Parts of ribs  Joints Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

52. Bone Growth  Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood  New cartilage is continuously formed  Older cartilage becomes ossified  Cartilage is broken down  Bone replaces cartilage Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

53. Bone Growth  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in width Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

54. Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

55. Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4b Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

56. With a partner  One person, please list all 7 the major bones in the leg  The other person, please list the 6 major bones in the arm  Between the two of you, please describe the four kinds of bones, and give examples of each.

57. Types of Bone Cells  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing

58. OSSIFICATION  THREE TYPES OF CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN BOTH MECHANISM OF OSSIFICATION:  1. OSTEOBLASTS  2. OSTEOCLASTS  3. OSTEOCYTES

59. BONE GROWTH  THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF BONE GROWTH:  1. LONGITUDINAL--LENGTH  2. APPOSITIONAL--DIAMETER

60. LONGITUDINAL BONE GROWTH Epiphyseal plate

61. APPOSITIONAL BONE GROWTH Osteoblast

62. BONE GROWTH

63. CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS  FACTORS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS:  1. HORMONES  2. VITAMIN D—MILK  3. CALCIUM—MILK  4. VITAMIN A—CARROTS  5. PHOSPHORUS—MEAT

64. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM RICKETS  1. DISEASE OF CHILDREN DUE TO LACK OF VITAMIN D.  2. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED.  3. BOWING OF THE BONES.

65. Rickets

66. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOMALACIA  1. RICKETS IN ADULTS  2. DUE TO A LACK OF VITAMIN D  3. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED IN  BONE.  4. MAIN SYMPTOM IS PAIN WHEN WEIGHT IS PUT ON THE AFFECTED BONE.

68. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  OSTEOPOROSIS  1. BONE REABSORPTION IS GREATER  THAN BONE DEPOSITION.  2. CAUSES:  A. LACK OF ESTROGEN  B. LACK OF EXERCISE  C. INADEQUATE INTAKE  D. LACK OF VITAMIN D

70. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOPOROSIS  3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:  A. SPONGY BONE OF THE SPINE IS MOST VULNERABLE.  B. OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN.  C. BONES BECOME SO FRAGILE THAT SNEEZING OR STEPPING OFF A CURB CAN CAUSE FRACTURES.  4. TREATMENT  A. CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS.  B. HORMONE REPLACEMENT TREATMENT  C. INCREAE WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE.

71. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

73. Closing/Homework Can you do this now? Content:  Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular.  Name the four kinds of bones.  Label the major anatomical areas of long bones. Language:  List three functions of the skeletal system Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing