1. Disparities between comprehension and production in the early stages of bilingual lexical development (From a longitudinal study of a Russian-German bilingual child) Elena Dieser SFB 441 (University of Tübingen, Germany)

2. Introduction Question: Do bilingual children separate both languages from the very beginning of language acquisition?

3. Theoretical background “one system theory“ “Children acquiring two languages from birth or early infancy pass through a stage in which the two languages are undifferentiated to a gradual separation of the two systems” (Swain & Wesche 1975, 17).

4. Theoretical background The three-stage model of bilingual language development (Volterra and Taeschner, 1978) I.The child has only one lexical system comprising words from both languages. II.Distinct lexical systems develop, but children still rely on one syntax for both languages. III.Distinct grammatical systems develop, resulting in differentiation of two linguistic systems.

5. Theoretical background “two system theory” Children are able to differentiate between two language systems (Meisel 1986; De Houwer 1990; Genesee 1989) from the early stage of language acquisition. The high rate of code-mixing in early bilingual first language acquisition is not an indicator of fusion of the two languages, but instead „[…] a sign of increasing sensitivity to the linguistic behavior of their environment“ (Meisel 2004).

6. Theoretical background Types of Bilingual Acquisition in Childhood  ‚One Person – One Language‘  ‚Home Language – Enviroment Language‘  ‚Mixed Languages‘

7. The aim of this study to explore the process of differentiation in the early stages of bilingual lexical development by analysing data from a child who was born into a bilingual environment in which both parents spoke both languages

8. Russian-German bilingual child Place of birth / residence: Germany Native language: Russian (both parents) ‘Mixed languages’ method--Romaine (1996) Input: From birth until the age of 2;9: Russian: parents and grandparents, Russian-speaking friends of parents, or 65-70% of total input German: parents and German-speaking friends of parents, or 30 – 35 % of total input

9. Data Video (with simultaneous audio) recordings  to date 80 of these have been transcribed and analysed (1;0 – 2;10)  mean length: 60 minutes  mean time intervals: 2 weeks  conversations with the parents (Russian, German)  conversations with German-speaking and Russian-speaking adults and children and the child’s “solliloquies” Diary recordings Time intervals: until age one, and after age 3, weekly; Between the ages of 1 and 3, every day or every other day

10. Transcription Conversations transcribed according to the notation model CHAT / (from the Internet project CHILDES).  transcribed in words, not phonetically;  each line is introduced with an asterisk followed by the abbreviated name of the speaker (*CHI for child studied, *MOT for the child’s mother )

11. Results/ Comprehension  When did the child first understand cross-language synonyms? first test of comprehension of equivalents at age 1;1.19 understood first equivalent pair at age 1;1.19  What, if any, is the relationship between the Russian and German passive vocabularies? at ages 1;6.13; 1;9.26 and 2;0.0, passive vocabulary two-thirds Russian, one-third German passive vocabulary make-up reflected language input

12. Results/ Production ONE-WORD STAGE (1;2 – 2;2) Russian baba ‘grandma’, djadja ‘uncle/man’, (Antoxa) (Standard Russian: Antoshka (a first name), Kartoxa (Standard Russian: kartoshka, ‘potato’), uxo ‘ear’, da ‘yes’, tjotja ‘aunt’ and ba-ba(x), which means ‘fell down’ in child language. German: Auto, da (when pointing), hallo, heiß, nein, auch as well as aua ‘au’ and wau-wau ‘bau-bau’ from child language. Words that were both Russian and German and have the same meaning: mama, papa

13. Table1.List of the first words between ages 1;2 and 2;2 1;11.19wau-wau 0;10.22Mann2;9.201;10.28djadja 0;9.29Oma2;8.191;10.20baba 1;0.5mashinka2;9.11;8.26Auto 1;5.6bol’no2:10.161;5.10aua ca. 1;4papa ca. 1;2mama Time interval in yy; mm. dd EquivalentAge at which equivalent was first produced Age at which word was first produced Word

14. 0;9.24Frau2;10.92;2.15tjotja 0;8.13ja2;10.282;2.15da (yes) 0;8.6tozhe2;10.182;2.12auch 0:5.1net2;7.132;2.12Nei(n) 0;8.26Ohr2;11.32;2.7uxo 1;0.17Kartoffel3;2.152;1.28Kartoshka [Kartoxa] 2;1.8Antoshka [Antoxa] 0;8.7gorjachij2;9.252;1.8heiß 0;11.3privet3;0.12;0.28(h)allo 2;0.10ba-ba(x) 0;8.16tam2;8.162;0.0da (there)

15. Results/ Production the first homonym pair: Example 1 (age of child 2;6.3) *MOT:a gde slon? Where is the elephant? *CHI:da. (There) …………………… *MOT:i ruchki my tebe kremom pomazali? Did we put cream on your hands? *CHI:da. (Yes)

16. Results/ Production The reason why the child initially chose the particular equivalent of the two possible equivalents? input frequency (?) pronunciation: degree of difficulty

17. Results/ Production TWO-WORD STAGE (2;2-2;9) rapid increase in vocabulary Phase 1 (2;2 -2;4)  46 words were acquired, but no equivalents used  amount of code-switching varied according to the person spoken to to his parents in Russian/German: used approx. 50% German words /50% Russian words to German-speakers in German, 80-90 % German words and 10-20% (sometimes less than 5%) Russian words.

18. Results/ Production Example 2 (age of child 2;3.24) *GRM:skazhi dym. (Russian: ‘Say smoke’) *CHI:heiß. (German: ‚hot‘) *GRM:skazhi golova. (Russian: ’Say head’) *CHI:Kopf. (German: ‘head’) *GRM:skazhi mashina. (Russian: ‘Say car’) *CHI:Auto. (German: ‘car’)

19. Results/ Production TWO-WORD STAGE Phase 2 (2;4 -2;9)  child began to use equivalents  Lexical borrowings frequently produced sentence- internally Example 3 (age of the child, 2;5.19) *CHI:heiss čaj (German ‘hot’ Russian ‘tea’)  word-internally code- mixing such as: plak-en [2;5.6] from plak- (Russian ‘to cry’) and –en (the German infinitive ending

20. Results/ Production Example 4 (age of the child, 2;7.19) *CHI:auch knizhka. (German ‘also’ Russian ‘book’) *MOT:vot e’to chto? (and what’s that? (Russian)) *CHI:ein # tort. (German ‘a’ Russian ‘cake’) *MOT:a e’to kto? (and who (what)’s that? (Russian)) *CHI:ein zajchik. (German ‘a’ Russian ‘rabbit’)

21. Results/ Production THREE AND FOUR -WORD STAGE occasional cases of self-correction, especially in cases when Russian words were used during conversations with monolingual German speakers after a three-week stay in Russia word-internally code- mixing such as: laufen-t’ ‘to run’, essen-t’ ‘to eat’ [2;8.27], unlike plak-en [2;5.6]

22. Results/ Production

24. Conclusion Disparities between comprehension and production  The comprehension tests showed that the child completely accepted the existence of cross-language synonyms from the age of 1;1,19  Interpreting a child’s language production is not an easy task.

25. Conclusion The following supports the one system theory:  no equivalents in the child’s active lexicon until the age of 2;4  sentence-internal as well as occasionally word-internal mixing until the age of approx. 2;8

26. Conclusion The following supports the two system theory: at the beginning of language production the child used very few lexical borrowings from Russian when speaking with monolingual German speakers → more evidence for the two system theory

27. Conclusion other findings of this study: asymmetrical development of active and passive lexicon (De Houwer 2005); the fact that the degree of phonetic difficulty was a factor in the order of word acquisition in the lexicon