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Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1

2 INTRO Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2 The cardiovascular system consists of the: Blood Vessels Heart Blood a connective tissue, is composed of plasma and formed elements (cells and cell fragments, etc.).

3 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3 Blood consists of 55% plasma 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes (proteins, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products.) 45% formed elements

4 Components of Blood Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4

5 Blood Plasma Proteins albumin maintain blood osmotic pressure globulins (immunoglobulins) antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens form antigen-antibody complexes fibrinogen for clotting Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5

6 Functions of Blood Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6 Transportation O 2, CO 2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones Regulation pH body temperature coolant properties of water vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins Protection from disease & loss of blood

7 Physical Characteristics of Blood Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7 Thicker (more viscous) than water Temperature of 100.4 degrees F pH 7.4 8 % of total body weight Blood volume varies 5 to 6 liters in average male 4 to 5 liters in average female hormonal negative feedback systems maintain constant blood volume and osmotic pressure

8 FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8 Called- Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis How? From stem cells (pluripotent become myeloid and lymphoid Where? In bone marrow Regulated by- growth factors

9 Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9

10 Objectives Compare and contrast erythrocytes and leukocytes. ID various leukocytes based on structure and function. Describe the steps hemostasis and factors affecting whether one will occur.

11 Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes (Figure 19.4a) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 11 Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color 1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin Biconcave disk increased surface area/volume ratio flexible shape for narrow passages no nucleus or other organelles no cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation Normal RBC count male 5.4 million/drop ---- female 4.8 million/drop new RBCs enter circulation at 2 million/second

12 Hormones Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 12 increase the number of cell and platelet precursors.

13 Hemoglobin RBC’s contain hemoglobin globin protein One heme(iron) pigment that carries oxygen Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 13

14 Hemoglobin Transport Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 14 can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells transports CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release transports nitric oxide & super nitric oxide helping to regulate BP through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively.

15 Erythropoiesis: Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 15 What is it? The creation of erythrocytes (RBC’s) Where does it happen? in adult red bone marrow of certain bones What causes it? stimulus for erythropoiesis is hypoxia (Figure 19.6). Major steps include: 1. Proerythroblast starts to produce hemoglobin 2. Nucleus is ejected & a reticulocyte is formed 3. Reticulocytes escape from bone marrow into the blood 4. Remaining organelles get ejected to become a mature RBC

16 WHITE BLOOD CELLS Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 16 Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs) are nucleated cells and do not contain hemoglobin. Two principal types are granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes) do not have cytoplasmic granules. They differentiate into macrophages (fixed and wandering). Leukocytes have surface proteins, as do erythrocytes.

17 WBC Physiology Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 17 Less numerous than RBCs 5000 to 10,000 cells per drop of blood Only 2% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time rest is in lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes & spleen

18 Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 18 WBC TypeFunction Neutrophils and wandering or fixed macrophages phagocytosis Eosinophilscombat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms Basophilsdevelop into mast cells that liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response B lymphocytesdifferentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodiesin response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens T lymphocytesdestroy foreign invaders directly

19 WBC examination Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 19 A differential white blood cell count is a diagnostic test in which specific white blood cells are enumerated. Because each type of WBC plays a different role, determining the percentage of each type in the blood assists in diagnosing the condition.

20 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 20

21 Eosinophil (Granulocyte) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 21

22 Basophil (Granulocyte) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 22

23 Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 23

24 Monocyte (Agranulocyte) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 24

25 Platelet (Thrombocyte) Anatomy Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 25

26 HEMOSTASIS Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 26 A clot is a gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) in which formed elements of blood are trapped (Figure 19.10). The chemicals involved in clotting are known as coagulation (clotting) factors; most are in blood plasma, some are released by platelets, and one is released from damaged tissue cells (Table 19.4). Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions that may be divided into three stages: formation of prothrombinase (prothrombin activator), conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, and conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin (Figure 19.11).

27 The Blood Clotting Process Major Steps: 1. Platelets become sticky when at the edge of a broken blood vessel and clump at the site. 2. Platelets then release protein clotting factor, thromboplastin. 3. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin (which is already in the blood) to the enzyme thrombin. 4. Thrombin then converts a plasma protein called fibrinogen into a sticky mesh of fibrin filaments (clot). Both vitamin K and Ca are important in the clotting process Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 27

28 Role of Vitamin K in Clotting Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 28 Normal clotting requires adequate vitamin K fat soluble vitamin absorbed if lipids are present absorption slowed if bile release is insufficient Required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors by hepatocytes factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X Produced by bacteria in large intestine

29 Intravascular Clotting Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 29 Thrombosis clot (thrombus) forming in an unbroken blood vessel forms on rough inner lining of BV if blood flows too slowly (stasis) allowing clotting factors to build up locally & cause coagulation may dissolve spontaneously or dislodge & travel Embolus clot, air bubble or fat from broken bone in the blood pulmonary embolus is found in lungs Low dose aspirin blocks synthesis of thromboxane A2 & reduces inappropriate clot formation strokes, TIAs and myocardial infarctions

30 Anticoagulants and Thrombolytic Agents Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 30 Anticoagulants suppress or prevent blood clotting heparin administered during hemodialysis and surgery warfarin (Coumadin) antagonist to vitamin K so blocks synthesis of clotting factors slower than heparin stored blood in blood banks treated with citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) that removes Ca+2 Thrombolytic agents are injected to dissolve clots directly or indirectly activate plasminogen streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

31 Blood Groups and Blood Types Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 31 RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins & glycolipids agglutinogens or isoantigens distinguishes at least 24 different blood groups ABO, Rh, Lewis, Kell, Kidd and Duffy systems

32 RH blood groups Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 32 Antigen People with Rh on RBC surface are Rh+. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen transfusion of positive blood during a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood

33 DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 33 Anemia Sickle-cell Hemophilia Disseminated intravascular clotting Acute leukemia chronic leukemia


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