1. CONFIDENTIAL Please do not distribute – Ask Eric Stroud eric@sharkdefense.com (201) 240-0826 Portions Patent Pending, SharkDefense LLC

2. EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS EXCEEDING 50 GAUSS Michael M. Herrmann Eric M. Stroud Dr. Samuel Gruber

3. Introduction High-strength fields High-strength fields Close range phenomenon Close range phenomenon Definite behavioral changes Definite behavioral changes Electromagnet vs. Permanent Electromagnet vs. Permanent Bioassays Bioassays Kalmijn, Tricas, Klimley (2000) Meyer, Holland, Papastamatiou (2004)

4. Permanent Magnetic Fields Fe, SmCo, Alnico Fe, SmCo, Alnico NdFeB grades N38–50 NdFeB grades N38–50 Br ~ 14,000G (1.4T) Br ~ 14,000G (1.4T) Surface > 0.1T Surface > 0.1T F ~ 1/d 3 F ~ 1/d 3 F. W. Bell teslameter F. W. Bell teslameter Transverse Hall probe Transverse Hall probe Thyssen pole finder Thyssen pole finder

5. Permanent Magnetic Fields INCHES GAUSS

6. Tonic Immobility Immobilized shark Immobilized shark Plastic ruler Plastic ruler 4” x 1.5” cylindrical NdFeB 4” x 1.5” cylindrical NdFeB Note behavior vs. distance to magnet Note behavior vs. distance to magnet Vary orientation of magnet or subject Vary orientation of magnet or subject Use a blinder to remove visual clue Use a blinder to remove visual clue

7. Tonic Immobility Responses Bending away from magnet face Bending away from magnet face Termination of TI Termination of TI

8. Tonic Immobility Variances Sometimes, NO effect is seen Sometimes, NO effect is seen Cannot perform a chemical repellent test followed by a magnet test Cannot perform a chemical repellent test followed by a magnet test Cannot perform a magnet test followed by a chemical test Cannot perform a magnet test followed by a chemical test Sometimes, bismuth metal terminates TI Sometimes, bismuth metal terminates TI Magnet at d=0”

9. Tonic Immobility Ginglymostoma cirratum, Negaprion brevirostris Ginglymostoma cirratum, Negaprion brevirostris In 31 subjects, range 0.0m to 0.3m: In 31 subjects, range 0.0m to 0.3m: Terminated TI: Terminated TI: –2 lemons, 6 nurses with moving magnet –6 nurses with moving subject Bending: Bending: –5 nurses –1 lemon No Effect: No Effect: –4 lemons –4 nurses

10. Electromagnet Comparison Weak Weak –Iron core electromagnet –12VDC, 6.16 – 6.28A, 10-2000mG, 0.0m – 1.0m Strong Strong –965# pull Locknetics electromagnet at close range did not terminate TI in x tests –12VDC, 20A, ~20 gauss, 0.0m-0.3m

11. Y-Maze Clear 8” acrylic tubes Clear 8” acrylic tubes One entrance, one exit, one trap, one way One entrance, one exit, one trap, one way Uncooked shrimp reward Uncooked shrimp reward 4”x1.5” cylindrical NeFeB is used as negative reinforcement 4”x1.5” cylindrical NeFeB is used as negative reinforcement Assign a score based on movements Assign a score based on movements

12. Y-Maze

13. Y-Maze TRAP ENTRANCE EXIT

14. Y-Maze TRAP ENTRANCE EXIT 2 SHRIMP 1 SHRIMP (TEASER)

15. Y-Maze Results: Results: –ALWAYS distress when trap tube is selected –Food is not taken in trap tube –Nurse sharks learn very quickly –Aversive response starts at 18 inches, or ~10G TRAP

16. Free-Swimming Test Camouflage magnet in sand Camouflage magnet in sand Introduce magnet to side of tank wall Introduce magnet to side of tank wall Observe behavior when shark enters field Observe behavior when shark enters field

17. Free-Swimming Results Rapid aversive response when within 12” of magnet Rapid aversive response when within 12” of magnet N/S neutral to oncoming shark N/S neutral to oncoming shark Surface area Surface area

18. Next steps July 11-14 – Captive Thunnus July 11-14 – Captive Thunnus More preference tests, currently training lemon sharks More preference tests, currently training lemon sharks Field tests August on free swimming P. glauca Field tests August on free swimming P. glauca More field tests in 2005-2006 on free swimming C. limbatus, C. perezii, C. leucas More field tests in 2005-2006 on free swimming C. limbatus, C. perezii, C. leucas See us for results and data of our project See us for results and data of our project Blacktip bracelet? Blacktip bracelet?

19. Special Thanks To: Patrick Rice, NOAA Patrick Rice, NOAA David Jacoby David Jacoby Tristan Guttridge Tristan Guttridge Grant Johnson, BBFS Lab Manager Grant Johnson, BBFS Lab Manager Bryan Franks, BBFS PI Bryan Franks, BBFS PI Katie Grudecki, BBFS Lab Manager Katie Grudecki, BBFS Lab Manager