1. The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

2. Slaves ginning cotton A handful of slaves could process large amounts of fiber using the revolutionary new machine, but it took armies of field workers to produce the raw cotton. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Cotton is King Quick profits draw planters to Gulf states Quick profits draw planters to Gulf states Northern shippers reap large profits by trading cotton for European finished goods Northern shippers reap large profits by trading cotton for European finished goods Cotton is ½ of all U.S. exports by 1840 Cotton is ½ of all U.S. exports by 1840 South produces more than ½ world supply South produces more than ½ world supply 75% of English cotton imported from South 75% of English cotton imported from South

3. Colonel and Mrs. James A Whiteside, Son Charles and Servants by James A. Cameron (Hunter Museum of Art, Chattanooga, TN, Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Thomas B. Whiteside) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Planter Aristocracy An oligarchy that provided the social and political leadership of the region An oligarchy that provided the social and political leadership of the region money provided the leisure for study, reflection, & statecraft money provided the leisure for study, reflection, & statecraft A keen sense of obligation to serve the public A keen sense of obligation to serve the public

4. Virginia Planter's Family by August Köllner, 1845 A southern woman was expected to be a loving and subservient wife to her plantation husband, but she was also expected to be a harsh mistress toward her black servants. ("Virginia Planters Family" by A. Kollner, 1845. Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Planter Aristocracy Gap between rich and poor widened Gap between rich and poor widened Tax-supported education hampered by planters who preferred private institutions Tax-supported education hampered by planters who preferred private institutions A feudal society that was rapidly dying out A feudal society that was rapidly dying out Mistresses of great plantations commanded sizable staffs Mistresses of great plantations commanded sizable staffs

5. Minor Winn Gracey & Mourning Smith Gracey by William Frye, 1851 This grand portrait of Minor Winn Gracey and his wife, Mourning Smith Gracey, of Alabama, celebrates the planter class's wealth and status in the artifacts surrounding the couple. (Loaned by William M. Spencer III, Birmingham Museum of Art) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Planter Aristocracy Southern economic structure becomes monopolistic Southern economic structure becomes monopolistic Financial instability results from overspeculation in slaves Financial instability results from overspeculation in slaves Dangerous dependence on a one-crop economy Dangerous dependence on a one-crop economy Resentment of “Yankee” manufacturing Resentment of “Yankee” manufacturing

6. A barber shop, Richmond, 1861 Free blacks dominated the barber's trade in Richmond on the eve of the Civil War. As meeting places for men, barber shops supplied newspapers and political discussion. Black barbers were politically informed and prosperous. As was the custom at the time, barbers also performed medical procedures like drawing blood. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Free blacks Slaves without masters near 250,000 in South (1860) near 250,000 in South (1860) emancipated by idealists in upper South emancipated by idealists in upper South mulattoes of white planters in deeper South mulattoes of white planters in deeper South some purchased freedom with after hours labor some purchased freedom with after hours labor resented and detested by slave system defenders resented and detested by slave system defenders

7. Nurse and charge Slavery did not prevent white children and their slave nurses from forming attachments to each other. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Plantation Slavery thousands of blacks smuggled into the South despite the death penalty for slavers thousands of blacks smuggled into the South despite the death penalty for slavers southern juries repeatedly acquitted captured slavers southern juries repeatedly acquitted captured slavers population grew mostly from natural reproduction population grew mostly from natural reproduction $2 billion of southern capital in slavery (1860) $2 billion of southern capital in slavery (1860)

8. The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin When a Canadian sketched this Charleston slave auction in 1833, Britain abolished slavery in the West Indies. (National Archives of Canada) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Life Under the Lash slaves auctions separated slave families for economic reasons slaves auctions separated slave families for economic reasons a psychological horror decried by abolitionists a psychological horror decried by abolitionists

9. Ye Southern Planter Artist unknown, 1838 Most antebellum planters actually lived in modest homes and worked alongside their employees and slaves. (Dr. Richard Saloom) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Life Under the Lash slaves usually toil dawn to dusk under whip of a white overseer or black driver slaves usually toil dawn to dusk under whip of a white overseer or black driver only minimal protection from arbitrary murder or unusually cruel punishment only minimal protection from arbitrary murder or unusually cruel punishment

10. Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 The laws of southern states had long stipulated that masters could use whatever means they deemed necessary to prevent slave runaways and insolence. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Life Under the Lash floggings were common floggings were common strong-willed slaves sent to “breakers” strong-willed slaves sent to “breakers” typical planters had too much invested in slaves for regular beatings typical planters had too much invested in slaves for regular beatings life tougher in “black belt” of Deep South frontier states (AL, MS, LA) life tougher in “black belt” of Deep South frontier states (AL, MS, LA) blacks 75% of population along Mississippi River blacks 75% of population along Mississippi River modeled own religious forms as mix of Christian and African influences modeled own religious forms as mix of Christian and African influences

11. Nat Turner, artist unknown No pictures of famed slave revolt leader Nat Turner are known to exist, but this nineteenth-century painting illustrates how one artist imagined the appearance of Turner and his fellow conspirators. White southerners lived in terror of scenes such as this and passed severe laws designed to prevent African Americans from ever having such meetings. (Granger Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Burdens of Bondage slaves legally denied an education (90% illiteracy among slaves slaves legally denied an education (90% illiteracy among slaves slaves slowed pace of labor, leading to stereotypes slaves slowed pace of labor, leading to stereotypes expensive equipment sabotaged expensive equipment sabotaged many run away and some lead armed insurrections many run away and some lead armed insurrections

12. Armed antislavery men with John Doy This photograph, taken in 1859, shows a gang of armed antislavery men who had just broken an accomplice (John Doy, seated) out of jail in neighboring St. Joseph, Missouri. (Kansas State Historical Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Abolitionism American Colonization Society (1817) and Republic of Liberia (1822) aim to relocate blacks American Colonization Society (1817) and Republic of Liberia (1822) aim to relocate blacks William Lloyd Garrison publishes The Liberator (1831) William Lloyd Garrison publishes The Liberator (1831) American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) Frederick Douglass embraces emancipation Frederick Douglass embraces emancipation Liberty Party (1840) and Free Soil Party (1848) Liberty Party (1840) and Free Soil Party (1848)