1. Muscles of the Face
1. Orbicularis oris superior/ orbicularis oris inferior
2. Muscles inserting into upper lip
Zygomatic minor
Levator labii superioris
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Zygomatic major
Levator anguli oris

2. Muscles of the Face 3. Muscles inserting into lower lip
Depressor anguli oris (also known as triangularis)
Depressor labii inferior (also known as quadratus labii inferior)
Mentalis
4. Transverse muscles
Rigorius
buccinator

3. Muscles of the Face 1. Orbicular Oris
Superior (OOS) and inferior (OOI)
Muscle that surround the lips
Functional difference between the upper and the lower muscles
Pull the lips closer and effect labial seal
OOS-lowers the upper lip
OOI- elevates the lower lip
Also active when we round and protrude lips.
Innervated by the VII nerve
Risorius is the main muscle for smiling.

4. Muscles of the Face Zygomatic minor
Attaches to the zygomatic bone (ext.surface)
Goes from zygomatic bone to the skin of the upper lip & OOS (mid-lateral region of the upper lip)
When contracts, elevates upper lip
In ‘p’- when releasing the ‘p’
Innervated by the buccal branches of the VII facial nerve
7th cranial nerve know what it intervates 3 different branches that intervate diff parts:

5. Muscles of the Face Levator labii superioris (LLS)
From lower margin of orbit to the lateral half of the upper lip
Inferior to skin & OOS
Elevates the upper lip
Innervated by the buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

6. Muscles of the Face Levator labii superior alaeque nasi (LLSAN)
From frontal process of the maxilla & lower orbital regions
Inserts into mid-lateral region of upper lip (OOS)
Elevates the upper lip and dilating the nostril
Innervated by the buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

7. Muscles of the Face Zygomatic major
It arises lateral to the zygomatic minor on the zygomatic bone
Inserting into the corner of the OOS.
Elevates the lip & pulls the oral angle laterally
(e.g., /i/; superior and lateral movement of upper lip)
Buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

8. Muscles of the Face Levator anguli oris (LAO) (also known as caninus)
Deep to the other lip muscles
From the maxilla around the lower orbit to the oral angle
Draws the corner of mouth up and medially
Buccal branches of VII facial nerve

9. 3. Muscles inserting into lower lip
Depressor anguli oris (DAO) (also known as triangularis)
Attached at the oblique line of the mandible to the skin & OOI at the oral angle
Pulls oral angle down and laterally
Lowering the lower lip inferiorly

10. 3. Muscles inserting into lower lip
Depressor labii inferior (DLI) (also known as quadratus labii inferior)
Also from oblique line of mandible into the lower lip and inserts into the skin & OOI (not to the angle)
Lower the lower lip inferiorly
Dilates orifice by pulling lip down and out
Innervated by the mandibular marginal branch of the VII facial nerve

11. 3. Muscles inserting into lower lip
Mentalis (MTL)
Closer to the midline
Medial pair of muscle.
From mandible up to OOI
Elevates the lower lip (same as OOI) for lip closure
Wrinkles chin and pulls lower lip out
Mandibular marginal branch of the VII facial nerve

12. 4. Transverse muscles Risorius (RIS)
From angle of mandible to angle of the mouth.
Movement of angle laterally
Retracts lips at the corners
Buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

13. 4. Transverse muscles Buccinator Deep to risorius is the buccinator
Muscular bulk of the cheek
From the large areas of mandible and maxilla to OOS and OOI at the angle
Movement of food onto the grinding surfaces of the molars
Also contributes to moving angle laterally and helps to flatten the cheeks

14. 5. Platysma Platysma (PLAT) Very thin, flat , broad muscle
Covers most of the lateral and anterior regions of the neck
Runs from region around pectoralis major inserting into the oral angles.
Depresses the mandible
Active when smiling broadly. Also active when resisting jaw against resistance

15. Muscles of the Tongue Tongue is covered by
Mucous membrane superficially
Deep structures are formed by the corium (layer of connective tissues), fibrous midline septum and deep connective tissues of the lingual mucosa
In addition, there is an array of intrinsic muscles and attachments from extrinsic muscles
Tongue is one of the most complex structures in the body.

16. Muscles of the Tongue Extrinsic Intrinsic Palatoglossus Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Intrinsic
Superior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Inferior longitudinal

17. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Superior longitudinal muscles: comprise the upper layer of the tongue, course forward and outward. Will elevate the tip of the tongue. CN. XII
Inferior longitudinal muscles: Lower layer of the tongue and will pull the tongue downward. CN. XII
Crainial nerve 12 intervates the tounge…

18. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Transverse muscles: course laterally and insert to the sides of the tongue.Leads to pull the edges of the tongue together. CN. XII
Vertical muscles: At right angles to the transverse muscles and help in flattening the muscles. CN. XII

19. Coronal Section of the Tongue
Intrinsic muslces and extrinsic mucles of the tongue. Longitudinal muscles run on the top and bottom.

20. Extrinsic Tongue Muscles
Genioglossus:
originates from the Inner mandibular surface and fans to the tip and dorsum of the tongue
Contraction of the anterior fibers causes retraction
contraction of the posterior fibers draws the tongue forward.
Contraction of both fibers will lead draw the tongue down into the floor. CN. XII hypoglossal nerve

21. Muscles of the Tongue

22. Extrinsic Tongue Muscles
Hyoglossus: greater horn of the hyoid to the sides of the tongue.Pulls the sides down. CN. XII
Chondroglossus: Lesser horn of the hyoid, courses upward and inserts into the intrinsic muscles. Depresses the tongue. CN XII hypoglossal nerve

23. Extrinsic Tongue Muscles
Styloglossus:
originates from the anterolateral margin of the styloid process of the temporal bone
courses forward and downward and inserts into the inferior surfaces of the tongue.
Pulls it upward and backward.
CN. XII hypoglossal nerve

24. Muscles of the Tongue Palatoglossus
May be defined as a muscle of the tongue or the velum
It serves dual purpose of depressing the soft palate or elevating the back of the tongue
The palatoglossus makes up the anterior faucial pillar.

25. Palate
Soft Palate: attached to the posterior free border of the palatine bones
Muscles
Levator veli palatini muscle: CN X & XI. Primary elevator
Muscularis uvulae: Shortens the soft palate. CN X & XI
Tensor veli palatini muscle: tenses and flattens the soft palate. Also opens the ET. CN V

26. Palate
Muscles
Palatoglossus muscle: Forms the anterior faucial pillars. Helps elevate the tongue or depresses the soft palate. CN. X & XI
Paltopharyngeus muscle: Forms the posterior faucial pillars. Narrows the pharyngeal area and lowers the soft palate. CN. X & XI

27. Tongue Movement Which muscles are responsible for:
Tongue tip elevation
Tongue tip depression
Tongue tip deviation (left and right)
Relaxation of lateral margins
Tongue narrowing
Central tongue grooving
Tongue protrusion
Tongue retraction
Posterior tongue elevation
Tongue body depression

28. Tongue Movement
Most important of the articulators as it is involved in production of the majority of English phonemes
Tongue gestures required for speech
Tongue tip elevation
Superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
Shortening of these fibers will pull the tip and lateral margins up

29. Tongue tip depression Tongue tip deviation
Inferior longitudinal muscles
They course along the lateral margins of the lower tongue making them well positioned for pulling the tip and sides down
Tongue tip deviation
Simultaneous unilateral contraction of the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles
Right side contraction will pull tongue to the right and left side contraction will pull tongue to the left

30. Tongue Movement Relaxation of lateral margins Important for /l/
Slight contraction of the posterior genioglossus, which helps to move the tongue forward
Also contraction of the transverse intrinsic muscle to pull the sides medially away from the lateral gum ridge

31. Tongue Movement Tongue narrowing Central tongue grooving
Fibers that course from the median fibrous septum to the lateral margins of the tongue; the transverse intrinsic
Central tongue grooving
For major grooving; contraction of the entire genioglossus in conjunction with the vertical fibers
For moderate grooving: the genioglossus to a lesser degree and the vertical muscles
A broadened groove could be accomplished by co-contraction of the superior longitudinal muscle, as well

32. Tongue Movement Tongue protrusion
Posterior genioglossus and at least two of the intrinsic muscles
Posterior genioglossus draws the tongue forward, but won’t point it
Pointing will be done by the vertical and transverse intrinsic muscles
Deviation (up, down, to the sides) will require the use of superior and inferior longitudinal intrinsics

33. Tongue Movement Tongue retraction
Co-contraction of the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles will shorten the tongue
To retract the tongue into the pharyngeal space, the styloglossus will also be engaged

34. Tongue Movement Posterior tongue elevation Tongue body depression
Palatoglossi will elevate the sides
Contraction of the transverse muscles in the posterior tongue will assist in bunching the tongue up in that region
Tongue body depression
Contraction of the genioglossus will depress the medial tongue
Additionally, contraction of the hyoglossus and chondroglossus will depress the sides of the tongue, if the hyoid is fixed by the infra hyoid muscles

35. Palate
Soft Palate: attached to the posterior free border of the palatine bones
Muscles
Levator veli palatini muscle: It is a muscle that forms the bulk of the velum
Arises from the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone & medial wall of the Eustachian tube and insert into the palatal aponeurosis of the soft palate
CN X & XI. Primary elevator

36. Palate Tensor veli palatini muscle: Does not tense the velum
It arises from the sphenoid bone (scaphoid fossa) as well as from the lateral Eustachian tube wall.
Its contraction dilates Eustachian tube
Innervated by the mandibular nerve of the V trigeminal

37. Palate
Muscles
Palatoglossus muscle: Forms the anterior faucial pillars. Helps elevate the tongue or depresses the soft palate. CN. X vagus & XI accessory
Paltopharyngeus muscle: Forms the posterior faucial pillars. Narrows the pharyngeal area and lowers the soft palate. CN. X & XI

38. Biological Functions Mastication Deglutition or Swallowing
Process involved in food preparation that includes moving unchewed food, chewing it and mixing it with saliva
Deglutition or Swallowing
These two functions require the integration of lingual, velar, pharyngeal and facial muscles, with laryngeal movements
About 55 muscles pairs that are integrated by the spinal and cranial nerves

39. Biological Functions Involves the following:
Muscular process inserting into the orbicular oris so as close, open,purse, and retract the lips
All the intrinsic muscles of the tongue that helps in moving the food for chewing and preparing the bolus for swallowing
Velar elevators and tensors seal the nasal cavities
Contraction of the pharyngeal constrictors to move the bolus down the pharynx and into the esophagus . Glosso infrengial cranial nerve 9.

40. Stages of Mastication and Deglutition
Oral preparation Stage:
Food is introduced into the oral cavity,
Moved onto the molars for chewing,
Mixed with the saliva
Forming a concise bolus between the tongue and the hard palate
Oral Stage:
The bolus is moved back by the pressure of the tongue movement towards the hard palate

41. Stages of Mastication and Deglutition
Pharyngeal Stage
Begins when the bolus reaches the faucial pillars
Soft palate and the larynx elevate
Bolus is propelled through the pharynx to the esophageal sphincter
Epiglottis is dropped to cover the opening of the laryngeal opening
The intrinsic muscles adduct the VF
Food passes over the epiglottis into the esophagus