1. Team Assignments C D A B Clayten Greenwell Ryan Franklin Elliot Magoto
Anthony Stegman
Jonathan Morgan
Zachary Stucker
Lisa Woosley
Joshua Von Schlutter B D
Joshua Cecil
Christian Pendleton
Zachary Rabold
Nathan Piersma
Richard Smith
Matthew Rogers
Robert Talley
Hayden Smith

2. Team Assignments G E F Christopher Collins Christopher Allison
Mark Lacy
Brett Blanchard
Adam Leach
Travis Greenwell
Daniel Rehner
Samantha Thomas F
Cory Boughey
Matthew Broaddus
Cory Henon
Stephen Howell

3. CE403 Construction Methodology
Earthwork Fundamentals

4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define the common Soil Properties and how to determine each.
Define Soil-Volume Changes that occur during earthmoving operations.
Define Swell, and Shrinkage, and how to determine the Load & Shrinkage Factors.
Define Angle of Repose for common Soil Materials.
Describe the two common Soil Classification Systems and Basic Definitions.

5. Soil Properties
Any mass of soil consists of solid particles with voids in between.
Soil solids are small grains of different minerals
Voids can be filled with either water or air

6. Soil Properties
Total volume of the soil mass, Vt, consists of volume of soil solids, Vs, and the volume of voids, Vv
The volume of the Voids, Vv, consists of volume of water, Vw, and the volume of air, Va

7. Soil Properties
We can schematically represent these three phases in a phase diagram.
Volume
Mass

8. Soil Properties Three volumetric ratios Void ratio:
Normally expressed as a decimal
Max range of e is between 0 and infinity
Typical values: Sand (0.4 to 1.0); Clays (0.3 to 1.5)

9. Soil Properties Three volumetric ratios Porosity
Normally expressed as a decimal
Max range of n is between 0 and 100%

10. Soil Properties Three volumetric ratios Degree of Saturation
The degree of saturation tells us what percentage of the total volume of voids contains water
If soil is completely dry, S=0. If the pores are completely filled with water, S=100%

11. Soil Properties Mass relationships Water (moisture) content:
Can range from zero (dry soil) to several hundred percent
Water content for most soils is well under 100%, although it can range up to 500% or higher in some marine and organic soils

12. Soil Properties Mass relationships Total density:
Magnitude will depend on amount of water in the voids and density of the mineral grains
Typical values for most soils range from 1000 to 2400 kg/m3

13. Soil Properties Mass relationships Solid density: Dry Density:
Typical values for most soils range from 2500 to 2800 kg/m3 (2.65 Mg/m3)
Dry Density:

14. Soil Properties Mass relationships Density of Water:
The density of water varies slightly, depending on the temperature.
For most engineering work, it is sufficiently accurate to estimate pw=1000kg/m3=62.4lb/ft3

15. Common Soil Properties

16. Example Problem Given the Following: Vs=65 cm3, Vw=25 cm3, Va=10cm3
Ms = 175g, Mw=25g
Find:
Total Density, dry density, moisture content, void ratio, saturation, and porosity of the soil sample

17. Typical Void Ratio & Water Content Values of Soils

18. Soil Volume-Change Characteristics
Bank Volume - (BCY)
Material is in natural state before disturbance
Loose Volume - (LCY)
Material has been excavated or loaded.
Compacted Volume - (CCY)
Material after compaction.

19. Soil Volume-Change Characteristics

20. Typical Soil Volume Change
1.0 BCY in natural state (Bank or In-Place)
1.25 LCY after digging (Loose)
0.90 CCY after compaction (Compacted)

21. Swell
A soil increases in volume when it is excavated because the soil grains are loosened during excavation and air fills the void spaces created.

22. Shrinkage When soil is compacted, air is forced out of void spaces.
The soil will occupy less volume than it did under either bank or loose conditions.

23. Load Factor

24. Shrinkage Factor

25. Soil Weight & Volume Change Characteristics

26. Load & Shrinkage Example Problem
A soil weighs 1,960 lb/LCY, 2,800 lb/BCY and 3,500 lb/CCY.
a. Find the Load and the Shrinkage Factors for the soil.
Load Factor
= 1,960 lb/LCY ÷ 2,800 lb/BCY = 0.70 BCY/LCY
Shrinkage Factor
= 2,800 lb/BCY ÷ 3,500 lb/CCY = 0.80 CCY/BCY

27. Load & Shrinkage Example Problem
A soil weighs 1,960 lb/LCY, 2,800 lb/BCY and 3,500 lb/CCY.
b. How many BCY & CCY are contained in 1,000,000 LCY?
Bank Volume ,000,000 LCY x 1,960/2,800(BCY/LCY) =
= 1,000,000 LCY x 0.70(BCY/LCY) = 700,000 BCY
Compacted Volume ,000,000 LCY x 1,960/3,500 (CCY/LCY)= or
= 700,000 BCY x 0.80 (CCY/BCY) = 560,000 CCY

28. Unified Soil Classification System
Two Letter System
Symbols to represent soil type:
Symbol Soil Type
G Gravel
S Sand
M Silt
C Clay
Pt Highly organic soil and peat.
Symbols to represent index properties
W Well-graded (for grain-size distribution)
P Poorly-graded (for grain-size distribution)
L Low to medium plasticity
H High plasticity

29. Angle of Repose
The angle that the sides of a spoil bank or pile naturally form with the horizontal when the excavated soil is dumped onto a pile.
The angle varies with the soil’s physical characteristics and its moisture content.

30. Materials & Angle of Repose
Clay 35°
Common Earth, Dry 32°
Common Earth, Moist 37°
Gravel 35°
Sand, Dry 25°
Sand, Moist 37°

31. Spoil Pile Dumped from a single fixed point
Volume =1/3 Base Area x Height H D

32. Soil Identification & Classification

34. Basic Definitions
The liquid limit (LL) is the water content (%) at which the soil will just start to flow when subjected to standard shaking test. (Casagrande Test)
The plastic limit is the moisture content (%) at which the soil just begins to crumble when rolled into a thread 1/4” in diameter.
The plastic index is the numerical difference between the liquid and plastic limits and represents the range in moisture content over which the soil remains plastic.

36. Unified Soil Classification System
Two Letter System
Symbols to represent soil type:
Symbol Soil Type
G Gravel
S Sand
M Silt
C Clay
Pt Highly organic soil and peat.
Symbols to represent index properties
W Well-graded (for grain-size distribution)
P Poorly-graded (for grain-size distribution)
L Low to medium plasticity
H High plasticity

38. AASHTO Soil Classification System
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
A-1 through A-7
Table 2-3, Page 25.

40. Construction Characteristics of Soils
Drainage
Construction Workability
Suitability for Subgrade
Suitability for Surfacing