1. “The Great War for Empire”
The French & Indian War
(1756 – 1763)
“The Great War for Empire”

2. French and Indian War Timeline
1753
French troops from Canada march south; seize and fortify the Ohio Valley. Britain protests the invasion and claims Ohio for itself.
1754
Ensign de Jumonville and a third of his escort is killed by a British patrol led by George Washington. In retaliation the French and the Indians defeat the British at Fort Necessity. Washington surrenders after losing one-third of his force.
1755
The British implement a plan to defeat the French. Moncton successfully captures Fort Beausejour, Major General Edward Braddock troops are defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela, and William Johnson’s troops stop the French advance at Lake George.

3. 1756
The Seven Years' War begins as Great Britain declares war on France expanding the North American conflict to Europe, Africa, Asia and South America.
1757
The French led by Montcalm capture Fort William Henry. Following the surrender, Montcalm’s actions angers his Indian allies who capture or kill hundreds of unarmed British.
1758
William Pitt implements cooperative policies toward colonial legislatures to receive more colonial support for the war, the Treaty of Easton is signed with the Six Nations, and the British take control of the Forks of the Ohio.

4. 1759
French surrender Quebec after a battle outside the city on the Plains of Abraham.
1760
The British capture Montreal ending the conflict in North America.
1763
February 10: The Treaty of Paris ends the war between Britain and France.
April: Ottawa Chief Pontiac unites many American Indian nations in an effort to drive British off their land. Colonel Henry Bouquet leads the British army and defeats Native American forces at Bushy Run.
October 7: King George III signs the Proclamation of 1763 reserving land west of the Allegheny Mountains for Indians.

5. 1764
The British Sugar Act is amended to tax the American colonies.
1765
April: Sugar Act and the Currency Act protests. Many colonists refuse to use imported English goods. Many colonists refuse to use imported English goods. Seeds of unrest are sown that will eventually lead to the American Revolution.

6. Study the map and describe one cause of the French and Indian War?

7. North America in 1750

8. Causes of War Population and Economic Push The Seven Years War
Combination of each of the Following
The Seven Years War
King William's War
Queen Anne’s War
King George’s War
The French and Indian War

9. 1754  Albany Plan of Union
Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA
Albany Congress  failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

10. Attack Plan

11. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French
Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

12. 1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer.
Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)
Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia.
Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces.
Only Br. Success  expelled France from Louisiana.
CAJUNS

13. Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray
Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray. During the battle on July 9th Braddock is mortally wounded. Braddock dies and is buried in the middle of the road he built and the remainder of his army marches over him to hide the grave from the French and their allies.

14. 1756  War Is Formally Declared!
Lord Loudouin
Marquis de Montcalm
Native American tribes exploited both sides!

15. British-American Colonial Tensions
Colonials
British
Methods of Fighting:
Indian-style guerilla tactics.
March in formation or bayonet charge.
Military Organization:
Col. militias served under own captains.
Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.
Military Discipline:
No mil. deference or protocols observed.
Drills & tough discipline.
Finances:
Resistance to rising taxes.
Colonists should pay for their own defense.
Demeanor:
Casual, non-professionals.
Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

16. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister
He understood colonial concerns.
He offered them a compromise:
- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs.
- Lord Loudoun would be removed.
RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.

17. 1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England
* By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

18. Wolfe Conquers Quebec
French Blind-Sided
Through the
Plains of Abraham
1759

19. Quebec Plains of Abraham

20. General Wolfe Mortally wounded

21. 1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

22. Before and After

23. North America in 1763

24. Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

25. Effects of the War on the American Colonials
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

26. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

27. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

28. BACKLASH! British  Proclamation Line of 1763.
Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA) The Paxton Boys were a vigilante group that murdered twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre.

29. Rethinking Their Empire
Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:
1761  writs of assistance
James Otis’ case
Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute.
He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equal weight.

30. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765
1. Sugar Act
2. Currency Act
3. Quartering Act
4. Stamp Act

31. Theories of Representation
Real Whigs
Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies??
Absolute?
OR Limited?
Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

32. Stamp Act Crisis Loyal Nine - 1765
Sons of Liberty – began in NYC: Samuel Adams
Stamp Act Congress – * Stamp Act Resolves
Declaratory Act – 1766

33. Costs of Colonial Resistance

34. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770
1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.
Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries.
He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade.
Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.
Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

35. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties
1. John Dickinson  * Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania.
 2nd non-importation movement: * “Daughters of Liberty” * spinning bees
3. Riots against customs agents: * John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty * 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

36. many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation
For the first time,
many colonists began calling people
who joined the non-importation
movement,
"patriots!"