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Published byValerie Oliver Modified over 9 years ago
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Notes on Solutions
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Qualitative ways of describing solutions Dilute vs. concentrated Unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated Miscible/immiscible Solute, solvent, solution
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Quantitative methods (memorize formulas) Molarity M = mol solute 1 liter sol’nn % Mass Dilution (M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 )
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Factors affecting RATE of solution (how fast it dissolves) Temperature Agitation (stirring) Surface area Video
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Solubility of solids (how well it dissolves) Nature of solute and solvent “Like dissolves like” As temperature increases, most solids become MORE soluble Pressure does NOT affect solubility of solids
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Solubility of gases As temperature increases, solubility of gases DECREASES because of kinetic energy As pressure increases, solubility of gases INCREASES
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Be able to read solubility curves
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Know the steps for making a standard solution.
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Know the steps for diluting a solution (M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 )
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Properties of Solutions - Electrolytes Strong electrolytes (use solubility rules) Weak electrolytes (weak acids and bases) Non-electrolytes (dissolve but DO NOT break apart into ions; e.g. sugar)
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Colligative Properties of Solutions 1. Vapor pressure lowering 2. Boiling point elevation 3. Freezing point depression These properties depend ONLY on the number of particles in solution.
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Earth is at the triple point!
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Calculations of Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression T b = K b x m x i T f = K f x m x i K f and K b are constants (given to you) Van’t Hoff factor (i) is the number of ions that a solute dissolves into –How many particles a substance will dissolve into: »NaCl Na + + Cl -
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Bonding in H 2 O Polar covalent bonds between H and O within the molecule Bent shape Polar molecule overall Hydrogen bonding between multiple water molecules
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Properties of H 2 O Good solvent High surface tension Adhesion/Cohesion Low vapor pressure High heat of vaporization High boiling point High specific heat capacity Solid (ice) is less dense than liquid Blue in color (appears clear in small quantities)
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