1. Forces and the Laws of Motion Chapter 4

2. 4-1 Changes in Motion Objectives  Describe how force affects the motion of an object  Interpret and construct free-body diagrams

3. Changes in Motion Dynamics is an area of mechanics which seeks to explain why objects move as they do  This involves studying how forces affect motion force – an action exerted on an object that may change the object’s state of rest or motion

4. Changes in Motion Often times a force acting on an object will cause the object’s velocity to change with respect to time – it’s accelerating  Examples: throwing a baseball vs. catching a baseball

5. Changes in Motion A newton is the SI unit of force  newton (N) – the amount of force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at 1 m/s 2  Therefore, 1 N = 1 kg x 1 m/s 2

6. Changes in Motion Forces can act through contact or at a distance  Contact forces are forces that result from the physical contact between objects (push/pulls) Examples: pushing a cart, kicking a football, etc.  Field forces are force that do not involve the physical contact between objects Examples: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, etc.

7. Force / Free-body Diagrams Force is a vector quantity  Both the magnitude and the direction of the force will influence how it affects the motion of an object.  The acceleration will be in the same direction as the force.

8. Force / Free-body Diagrams

9. Drawing Free-body Diagrams 1) Identify the forces acting on the object and the direction of the forces. 2) Draw a diagram to represent the isolated object. 3) Draw and label vector arrows for all external forces acting on the object.

10. 4-2 Newton’s First Law Objectives:  Explain the relationship between the motion of the object and the net force acting on the object  Determine the net force acting on an object  Calculate the force required to bring an object to equilibrium

11. Newton’s First Law It is a common misconception that if there are no forces acting on an object it will be at rest  Consider what happens when push a book along a table vs. pushing it along a sheet of ice.  What happens? Why?

12. Newton’s First Law Galileo correctly concluded that it is an object’s nature to maintain its state of motion or rest Newton further developed this idea into what has come to be known Newton’s First Law of Motion

13. Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law of Motion: An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity (constant speed in a straight line) unless the object experiences a net external force.  Sometimes referred to as the law of inertia

14. Newton’s First Law inertia – the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction Mass is a measure of inertia of a body  The more mass that an object has, the harder it is to change its state of motion (requires a greater force) Pushing a car vs. a truck (starting from rest) Stopping a baseball vs. a bowling ball (same velocity)

15. Newton’s First Law Any object that is accelerating has to have a net force acting on it  net force (ΣF) – the vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object If the net force is equal to zero, the object will have a constant velocity (acceleration = 0)  Example: a book being slid at a constant velocity – Why is it not accelerating?

16. Newton’s First Law

17. Objects that are either at rest or moving with a constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium  equilibrium – the state in which the net force on an object is zero

18. Newton’s First Law

19. 4-3 2 nd & 3 rd Laws of Motion Objectives:  Describe an object’s acceleration in terms of its mass and the net force acting on it.  Calculate the direction and magnitude of the acceleration caused by a known net force.  Identify action-reaction pairs

20. Newton’s Second Law Newton’s Second Law of Motion: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object’s mass. Equation: ΣF = ma net force = mass x acceleration

21. Newton’s Second Law Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.  If the same force is applied to objects of different masses: The object with the greater mass will experience a smaller acceleration. The object with less mass will experience a greater acceleration.

22. Newton’s Second Law Acceleration is directly proportional to net force.  When mass is constant: Increasing the force increases the acceleration by the same factor. Decreasing the force decreases the acceleration by the same factor.

23. Newton’s Second Law Sample Problem C: Roberto and Laura are studying across from each other at a wide table. Laura slides a 2.2 kg book toward Roberto. If the net force acting on the book is 1.6 N to the right, what is the book’s acceleration?

24. Newton’s Second Law U: a (m/s 2 ) K: m = 2.2 kg ΣF = 1.6 N to the right ΣF = ma 1.6 N = (2.2 kg)a a = 0.73 m/s 2 to the right

25. Newton’s Third Law Newton recognized that a single isolated force cannot exist  Consider what happens when a person wearing ice skates pushes on the wall of an ice rink… Forces always exist in pairs – Newton described this in his third law of motion

26. Newton’s Third Law Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.  Equal magnitude, opposite direction

27. Newton’s Third Law Generally stated: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.  The objects exerting the forces on each other are referred to as the action-reaction pair These forces occur at the same time and act on different objects

28. Newton’s Third Law Consider the following examples:  What are the action-reaction forces involved when a person hammers a nail into a piece of wood?  How does a rocket work?

29. Newton’s Third Law Field forces also exist in pairs  When an apple falls from a tree it accelerates toward the Earth because the Earth exerts a gravitational force on the apple.  If this is the action force, what is the reaction force?

30. 4-4 Everyday Forces Objectives:  Explain the difference between mass and weight.  Find the direction and magnitude of normal forces.  Describe air resistance as a form of friction.  Use coefficients of friction to calculate frictional force.

31. Weight weight (F g ) – a measure of the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on an object  Since weight is the magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object, it is a scalar quantity  Will the weight of an object be constant?

32. Weight vs. Mass Since the gravitational force between objects varies by location, weight will vary by an object’s location. Mass does not vary by location - it is an inherent property of the object.  Example: A 1.5 kg hammer will have a weight of 14.7 N near the Earth’s surface, but it will weigh 2.4 N on the Moon (it’s mass is 1.5 kg in both locations)

33. Weight The force of gravity can be calculated by the following equation: F g = ma g a g represents the acceleration due to gravity  Near Earth’s surface a g = g = 9.8 m/s 2, so: F g = mg

34. Weight What is the weight of an astronaut on Earth (g = 9.8 m/s 2 ) and on the Moon (a g = 1.6 m/s 2 ) if the astronaut’s mass is 81.6 kg?

35. The Normal Force A television set is at rest on a table.  The force of gravity is constantly acting on the TV.  Is the TV in equilibrium? If so, how is it in equilibrium?

36. The Normal Force normal force (F n ) – a force that occurs when objects come in contact with each other and acts perpendicular to the shared surface  In the absence of other forces, F n is equal and opposite to the component of F g that is perpendicular to the contact surface. F n = mg cos θ

37. The Normal Force

38. The Force of Friction Friction is a force that resists motion (static friction) or opposes the motion of objects that are in contact (kinetic friction) Is there any friction acting on the jug of orange juice pictured to the right?

39. The Force of Friction static friction (F s ) – the force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest

40. The Force of Friction When a force is applied to an object that remains at rest, the F s is always equal an opposite to the component of the applied force that is parallel to the surface  If the applied force increases, F s increases  If the applied force decreases, F s decreases

41. The Force of Friction Once the applied force is as great as it can be without causing the object to move, the static friction is at its maximum value (F s,max ) Increasing the applied force further will cause the object to move and it then be experiencing kinetic friction

42. The Force of Friction kinetic friction (F k ) – the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are sliding over each other  The force of F k is less than F s,max  The net force acting on the object is equal to the difference between the applied force and the force of kinetic friction ΣF = F applied - F k

43. The Force of Friction The force of friction is approximately proportional to the normal force  Example: It is easier to push a chair across the floor at a constant speed than it is to push a heavier desk at the same speed

44. The Force of Friction The force of friction can only be approximately calculated This is because it is a macroscopic effect caused by a complex interaction of forces at the microscopic level.

45. The Force of Friction In addition to the F n, the force of friction also depends on the surfaces in contact  The quantity that expresses this concept is the coefficient of friction coefficient of friction (μ) – the ratio of the magnitude of the force of friction between two objects in contact to the magnitude of the normal force acting on the objects

46. The Force of Friction The force of friction can be calculated with the following equations: Static Friction: F s ≤ μ s F n Kinetic Friction: F k = μ k F n

47. The Force of Friction

48. Air Resistance Whenever an object moves through a fluid substance, such as air or water, the fluid provides a force that opposes the objects motion Air resistance will increase on an object in free fall as the objects speed increases  When the upward force of air resistance is equal in magnitude to the downward force of gravity the object reaches terminal velocity

49. Fundamental Forces The four fundamental forces are all field forces  Electromagnetic Force  Gravitational Force  Strong Nuclear Force  Weak Nuclear Force

50. Fundamental Forces The strong and weak nuclear forces have very small ranges and are not directly observable The electromagnetic and gravitational forces act over long ranges  The strong nuclear force is the strongest of the fundamental forces; gravity is the weakest