1. Inter-domain Routing Simulation by SSFNet Wang Lijun Tsinghua University Jul 3, 2006

2. Inter-domain Routing Autonomous system –ISP, University, Company, e.g. CERNET, CHINACOM –About more than 19,000 ASes –Glued together by BGP Border Gateway Protocol –Flexibility –Scalability –Stability

3. Research on inter-domain routing Collecting BGP data from Internet –Active method –Log BGP table and Update Route Views Project RIPE Routing Information Service Simulation –SSFNet

4. What is SSFNet SSFNet is a Java SSF-based simulator of Internet protocol Features –IP packet-level granularity –all components have multiple configurable attributes –components all inter-operable –designed to handle large, complex simulations

5. SSFNet Architecture SSF : Scalable Simulation Framework –a standard for discrete-event simulation of large, complex systems DML : Domain Modeling Language –a standard for model configuration and verification –supports extensibility, inheritance and substitution of attributes SSFNet : SSF Network Models –open-source Java models of protocols –network elements –assorted support classes

6. Simulation Layers SSF Simulator API C++CJava CSSFRacewayDaSSF Simulator Implementations implements SSFNet Network Components enhances Model Instances DML configures

7. IDE Package SSF CSSFDaSSF Simulator API SSFNet C++CJava Network Components implements enhances configures DML Model Instances Raceway Simulator Implementations

8. SSFNet Layer SSF DML CSSFRacewayDaSSF Simulator API Simulator Implementations SSFNet C++CJava Network Components Model Instances implements enhances configures

9. Network Components physical entities link router host logical containers Net protocol graph protocols BGP OSPF FTP client HTTP client Sockets IPTCP - each is a Java class or Java package - includes state, behavior, configure info

10. DML Layer SSF CSSFRacewayDaSSF Simulator API Simulator Implementations SSFNet C++CJava Network Components implements enhances configures Model Instances DML

11. DML Example 1 1 1 2 host [ id 1 interface [ id 1 ] ] router [ id 2 interface [ idrange [ from 1 to 4 ] ] ] link [ attach 1(1) attach 2(1) ] 2 3 4 Attribute/Value pairs –Simple attributes –Nested attributes

12. The Protocol Stack protocol graph router [ graph [ ProtocolSession [ name bgp use SSF.OS.BGP4.BGPSession ] ProtocolSession [ name ospf use SSF.OS.OSPF.sOSPF ] ProtocolSession [ name tcp use SSF.OS.TCP.tcpSessionMaster ] ProtocolSession [ name ip use SSF.OS.IP ] IP TCP Sockets BGP

13. NHI Addressing Internal format for model-building convenience N:N:N:... :N:H(I) –N = network id –H = host id –I = interface id top-level Net does not have id local vs. global –local link need not attach to global NHI address –networks and hosts may be abbreviated or omitted

14. Hierarchy Example Net [ host [ id 1 interface [ id 1 ] ] host [ id 2 interface [ id 1 ] ] link [ attach 1(1) attach 2(1) ] ] 12 1 1

15. Hierarchy Example 2 Net [ Net [ id 1... ] # 2 hosts + 1 router Net [ id 2... ] # 4 hosts + 1 router link [ attach 1:5(4) attach 2:5(5) ] ] 12 34 1 11 1 12 34 5 6 5 1 2 1 1 61 23 5 4 5 1 2

16. Execution Download distribution –www.ssfnet.orgwww.ssfnet.org –ssfnet_raceway[1].tar.gz Build and validate –~/ssfnet/$:make Create and execute DML model –java SSF.Net.Net runtime dml-file

17. SSF.OS.BGP4 Functionality Finite state machine, timers, RIB TCP transport Peering: exterior and interior –Route reflection Messages and path attributes Policy –filter based on path attribute –attribute modification Monitoring of protocol operation –gather stats on practically any event of interest

18. Experiment DML Net [ # the all-encompassing Net frequency 1000000000 # nanosecond simulation frequency randomstream [ generator MersenneTwister stream 165123420046345823 reproducibility_level timeline ] Net [ id 1 AS_status boundary router [... ] ] Net [ id 2 AS_status boundary router [... ] ]... link [ attach 1:1(1) attach 2:1(7) delay 0.01 ] link [ attach 1:1(2) attach 3:1(7) delay 0.01 ]... bgpoptions [... ] # define global BGP options ] # end of the all-encompassing Net

19. Experiment DML router [ id 1 graph [ ProtocolSession [ name bgp use SSF.OS.BGP4.BGPSession autoconfig true ] ProtocolSession [ name socket use SSF.OS.Socket.socketMaster ] ProtocolSession [ name tcp use SSF.OS.TCP.tcpSessionMaster ] ProtocolSession [ name ip use SSF.OS.IP ] ProtocolSession [ name probe use SSF.OS.ProbeSession file "out.data" stream "bgpstream" ] ]

20. Experiment DML ProtocolSession [ name bgp use SSF.OS.BGP4.BGPSession autoconfig false connretry_time 120 min_as_orig_time 15 reflector false neighbor [ as 2 address 1(7) use_return_address 1(1) hold_time 90 keep_alive_time 30 mrai 10 infilter [ _extends.filters.permit_all ] outfilter [ _extends.filters.permit_all ] ] neighbor [ as 3 address 1(1)... ]

21. Experiment DML bgpoptions [ # define global BGP options show_conn_estab true # show connection establishment show_snd_update true # show when updates are sent ssld false # no sender-side loop detection auto_advertise false show_fwd_table_add true show_rcv_notif true show_socket_events false show_state_changes false global_ebgp_mrai 20 startup_jitter_bound 0.1 # about 50 more... ] Output data in simulation Parameters configure BGP behavior

22. References http://www.ssfnet.org http://bj.premore.net/edu/talks/

23. Modify RFD to improve BGP routing convergence

24. Problem statement Problem of BGP routing convergence –Path exploration Path vector protocol Lots of Invalid Update messages Long convergence delay –RFD suppress relative stable routes falsely Relative routes unavailable for a long time

25. Route Flap Damping Penalty value –Increase a predefined value when route changes –Decrease exponentially when route is stable

26. Objectives Relative stable routes converge fast Suppressing persistently flapping routes Reducing the communication overhead Compatible with current method

27. Basic ideas Classify route change according different causes –Update from Network event, e.g. link down –Invalid Update from BGP protocol behavior Apply different mechanisms to Update of different causes How to differentiate ?

28. Design Overview Receive Update Judge cause suppression mark ? BGP session broken ？ Apply RFD Invalid routes suppression BGP protocol behavior ? NoYes Location causing route change –Original node –Intermediate connection Only nodes near the causing location apply RFD to the route change Other nodes apply methods different form RFD, invalid routes suppression

29. Neighboring Nodes Suppression For route change from the source node –If the neighboring nodes apply RFD to route change, remote nodes do not need to apply RFD to the route change –After neighboring nodes apply RFD to route change, insert “Suppression Mark” in the Update –Downstream nodes do not apply RFD to Update with suppression mark For route change from the intermediate connection –Neighboring node of changing connection apply RFD to the route change –Insert “Suppression mark” in Update sending to downstream nodes

30. Invalid Routes Suppression Characteristics of invalid routes –The interval between successive invalid routes is MRAI –Maximal duration of path exploration is MRAI*n, n is the longest AS path –Route attributes, especially AS_PATH, are changed Process on Invalid routes – similar but different from RFD –Penalize attribute change more than Withdrawal –The penalty of routes which are not suppressed decays exponentially, with half life is MRAI –If a suppressed route keeps stable for k*MRAI, release the route –If suppressed routes changes, just reset the reuse timer, i.e. route is suppressed for constant time, k*MRAI, after the last change

31. Simulation – convergence time

32. Simulation – communication overhead

33. Simulation – partial deployment (1)

34. Simulation – partial deployment (2)

35. Thank you