1. Exploring Mendelian Genetics http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

2. Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________ All other chromosomes = _________________ Sex chromosomes autosomes Humans have two sex chromosomes and _____ autosomes X Y 44 http://www.angelbabygifts.com/

3. SEX DETERMINATION XX = XY = female male

4. Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y SO ____ determines sex of the baby. If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy X X X y X X y Dad

5. HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: Mutation in genes for __________________ carried ______ chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when injured; can ________________ from minor cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps. _____________ in ______ because it is X-linked, but females with ______ recessive hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. bleed to death Blood clotting proteins on X More common males TWO

6. Colorblindness and pattern baldness are also sex-linked recessive traits carried on the X chromosome

7. Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the disorder DEFECTIVE NORMAL They are normal Or

8. FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES Females have one normal gene that works. NORMALDEFECTIVE Females __________ defective recessive alleles to show the disorder need 2

9. The X chromosome in males... flies WITHOUT a copilot!... there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

10. X-linked cross Dad is not colorblind Mom is colorblind What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? What is the probability of having a colorblind girl? XbXb XbXb XBXB y XB XbXB Xb XB XbXB Xb Xb yXb yXb yXb y All boys will be colorblind No girls will be colorblind

11. Girls with this genotype: X B X b don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT.... They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

12. http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves is called a _____________ CARRIER doesn’t XbXb XbXb XBXB Y XB XbXB Xb XB XbXB Xb Xb YXb YX b Y

13. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG POLYGENIC TRAIT MORE THAN ONE GENE

14. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between MORE than ONE gene many in-between whole range

15. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

16. COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2F2 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

17. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait BLENDED DON’T SEE 3:1 Heterozygous Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

18. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works Ex: Andalusian Chickens come in Black, White, or Blue. White and Black Colors are not dominant over each other.

19. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works Blue is the intermediate trait, created when a Black Color allele and a White color allele are combined.

20. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works When writing these Intermediate alleles, the “C” for Color is used. With the “C”, a superscript “W” or “B” is used to show which Intermediate alleles it has.

21. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works C W C W = WhiteC B C B = Black C B C W = Blue chickenTasty Chicken…

22. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works A Punnett Square testcross is the same as a Mono- hybrid cross, but would place each intermediate allele in each section of the diagram.

23. CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH SAME TIME ROAN BOTH RED WHITE NO BLENDING

24. Coat color in Shorthorn cattle is the result of Codominance R= Red W= White CRCR CWCW CRCR CR CRCR CR CR CWCR CW CWCW CR CWCR CW CWCWCWCW

25. CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

26. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A BO MORE than 2 choices

27. BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________ ABO MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT

28. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

29. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

30. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

31. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

32. BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) IAIAIAIA IAiIAi IBIBIBIB IBiIBi ii IAIBIAIB A A B B O AB

33. B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

34. A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

35. Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR O DONOR BLOOD

36. A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

37. Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT ABAB AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...

38. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html A40% B10% AB4% O46%