1. Chapter 22-1Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Sections Chapter 22. Nucleic Acids Human egg and sperm.

2. Chapter 22-2Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Chapter 22. Nucleic Acids-Sections 22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids 22.2 Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 22.3 Primary Nucleic Acid Structure 22.4 The DNA Double Helix 22.5 Replication of DNA Molecules 22.6 Overview of Protein Synthesis 22.7 Ribonucleic Acids Chemistry at a Glance: DNA Replication 22.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 22.9 The Genetic Code 22.10 Anticodons and tRNA Molecules 22.11 Translation: Protein Synthesis 22.12 Mutations Chemistry at a Glance: Protein Synthesis 22.13 Nucleic Acids and Viruses 22.14 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering 22.15 The Polymerase Chain Reaction 22.16 DNA Sequencing

3. Chapter 22-3Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Molecule of Adenine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base present in both RNA and DNA. Adenine, a nucleic acid base

4. Chapter 22-4Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Two purine bases and three pyrimidine bases are found in the nucleotides present in nucleic acids. Nucleic acid bases

5. Chapter 22-5Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Table 22.1 Nucleotides

6. Chapter 22-6Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Nucleic acid bases

7. Chapter 22-7Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Fig. 22.3 The general structure of a nucleic acid in terms of nucleotide subunits. Lipids cont’d

8. Chapter 22-8Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech (a) The generalized structure of a nucleic acid. (b) The specific backbone structure for a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (c) The specific backbone structure for a ribonucleic acid (RNA). Backbone structure for nucleic acid

9. Chapter 22-9Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech A four-nucleotide- long segment of DNA. DNA Fragment

10. Chapter 22-10Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech A comparison of the primary structures of nucleic acids and proteins. Protiens and DNA Comparison

11. Chapter 22-11Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech A schematic drawing of the DNA double helix that emphasizes the hydrogen bonding between bases on the two chains. DNA double helix

12. Chapter 22-12Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Hydrogen bonding possibilities Hydrogen bonding in Base Pairs

13. Chapter 22-13Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech DNA replication

14. Chapter 22-14Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech One strand of DNA grows continuously in the direction of the unwinding, and the other grows in the opposite direction. DNA Replication

15. Chapter 22-15Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech DNA replication usually occurs at multiple sites within a molecule, and the replication is bidirectional from these sites. DNA replication at multiple sites

16. Chapter 22-16Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Identical twins share identical physical characteristics because they received identical DNA from their parents. What in Common Twins Have? © Erica Stone / Peter Arnold, Inc.

17. Chapter 22-17Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech DNA replication… cont’d

18. Chapter 22-18Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech A hairpin loop is produced when a single-stranded RNA doubles back on itself and complementary base pairing occurs. RNA hairpin loop

19. Chapter 22-19Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Types of RNA

20. Chapter 22-20Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech The transcription of DNA to form RNA involves an unwinding of a portion of the DNA double helix. Transcription of DNA to form RNA

21. Chapter 22-21Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Heterogenous nuclear RNA contains both exons and introns. Exons and Introns of RNA

22. Chapter 22-22Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech An hnRNA molecule containing four exons. Exons and Introns of RNA cont’d

23. Chapter 22-23Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Codes for Amino Acids

24. Chapter 22-24Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech A tRNA molecule tRNA molecule

25. Chapter 22-25Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has an active site for tRNA and a binding site for the particular amino acid that is to be attached to that tRNA. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

26. Chapter 22-26Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech The interaction between anticodon an codon. Anticodon and Codon

27. Chapter 22-27Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Ribosomes have structures that contain two subunits. Ribosome Structure

28. Chapter 22-28Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Initiation of protein synthesis begins with the formation of an initiation complex. Protein Synthesis: Initiation

29. Chapter 22-29Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech The process of translation that occurs during protein synthesis. Protein Synthesis: Translation

30. Chapter 22-30Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Effects of Antobiotics

31. Chapter 22-31Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Several ribosomes can simultaneously proceed along a single strand of mRNA. Such a complex of mRNA and ribosomes is called a polysome. Polysome

32. Chapter 22-32Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Protien Synthesis Summary

33. Chapter 22-33Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Image of an influenza virus. Influenza virus. NIBSC / SPL / Photo Researchers

34. Chapter 22-34Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Recombinant DNA is made by inserting a gene obtained from DNA of one organism into the DNA from another kind of organism. Recombinant DNA

35. Chapter 22-35Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Cleavage patterns resulting from the use of a restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA between G and A bases. Cleaving DNA patterns using restriction enzymes

36. Chapter 22-36Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech The “sticky ends” of the cut plasmid and the gene are complementary and combine to form recombinant DNA. “sticky ends” of recombnants

37. Chapter 22-37Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Polymerase chain reaction process

38. Chapter 22-38Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Polymerase chain reaction process

39. Chapter 22-39Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Selected steps in the DNA sequencing procedure for the 10-base DNA segment 5’ AGCAGCTGGT 3’. DNA sequencing

40. Chapter 22-40Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Nucleic Acids - RNA and DNA Nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses.

41. Chapter 22-41Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Serve as molecules to store energy and reducing power. The three major components in all nucleotides are phosphoric acid, pentose (ribose and deoxyribose), and a base (purine or purimidine). Two major purines present in nucleotides are adenine (A) and guanine (G), and three major purimidines are thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).

42. Chapter 22-42Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech

43. Chapter 22-43Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Ribonucleotides Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which are the major sources of energy for cell work. - The phosphate bonds in ATP and GTP are high-energy bonds. - The formation of phosphate bonds or their hydrolysis is the primary means by which cellular energy is stored or used. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The two most common carriers of reducing power for biological oxidation-reduction reactions.

44. Chapter 22-44Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is formed by condensation of deoxyribonucleotides. The nucleotides are linked together between the 3’ and 5’ carbons’ successive pentose rings by phosphodiester bonds 3 5

45. Chapter 22-45Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech - DNA is a very large threadlike macromolecule (MW, 2X10 9 D in E. coli). - DNA contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C). - DNA molecules are two stranded and have a double-helical three-dimensional structure. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

46. Chapter 22-46Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech DNA Double-helical Structure

47. Chapter 22-47Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Double Helical DNA Structure The main features of double helical DNA structure are as follows:. - The phosphate and deoxyribose units are on the outer surface, but the bases point toward the chain center. The plane of the bases are perpendicular to the helix axis. -The diameter of the helix is 2 nm, the helical structure repeats after ten residues on each chain, at an interval of 3.4 nm. - The two chains are held together by hydrogen bonding between pairs of bases. Adenine (A) - thymine (T), guanines (G) - cytosine (C). - The sequence of bases along a DNA strand is not restricted in any way and carries genetic information, and sugar and phosphate groups perform a structure role.

48. Chapter 22-48Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Regeneration of DNA from original DNA segments. DNA Replication http://www.ncc.gmu.edu/dna/repanim.htm http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html# http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/DNA%20Replication%20-%20long%20.html

49. Chapter 22-49Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech DNA Replication - DNA helix unzips and forms two separate strands. - Each strand will form a new double strands. - The two resulting double strands are identical, and each of them consists of one original and one newly synthesized strand. -This is called semiconservative replication. - The base sequences of the new strand are complementary to that of the parent strand.

50. Chapter 22-50Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is formed by condensation of ribonucleotides. RNA is a long, unbranched macromolecule and may contain 70 to several thousand nucleotides. RNA molecule is usually single stranded. RNA contains adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracial (U). A-U, G-C in some double helical regions of t-RNA.

51. Chapter 22-51Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Classification of RNA According to the function of RNA, it can be classified as: Messenger RNA: (m-RNA) synthesized on chromosome and carries genetic information to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. It has short half-life. Transfer RNA (t-RNA) is a relatively small and stable molecule that carries a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the site of protein synthesis on ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) is the major component of ribosomes, constituting nearly 65%. r-RNA is responsible for protein synthesis. Ribozymes are RNA molecules that have catalytic properties.

52. Chapter 22-52Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Summary of Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are basic units of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Nucleotides include pentose, base and phosphoric acid. Bases include purine or pyrimidine. Two major purines present in nucleotides are adenine (A) and guanine (G), and three major pyrimidines are thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Ribonucleotides - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores energy. - NAD and NADP are important carriers of reducing power.

53. Chapter 22-53Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech DNA DNA contains genetic information. DNA contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), and thymine (T), and cytosine (C). A-T G-C DNA has a double helical structure. The bases in DNA carry the genetic information. Summary of Nucleic Acids

54. Chapter 22-54Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech RNA RNA functions as genetic information-carrying intermediates in protein synthesis. It contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), and cytosine (C) and uracil (U). m-RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. t-RNA transfers amino acid to the site of protein synthesis r-RNA is for protein synthesis. Summary of Nucleic Acids

55. Chapter 22-55Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Summary of Cell Construction BiopolymersproteinCarbohydrates (polysaccharides) DNARNAlipids subunit bonds for subunit linkage functions Characteristic three-D structure Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 55