1. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-1 Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Eighth Edition Tocci Widmer 정보통신공학과 이 명 의 (F-102) melee@kut.ac.kr

2. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-2 Class Overview First Course in Digital Circuit »Boolean algebra, basic logic circuits, counters and registers, memory circuits, A/D and D/A converters, RAM and ROM, and PLD. »microprocessors, including microprocessor architecture, addressing modes, and instruction cycles and sets. Homework: »Solve the even number of problems »Due at the beginning of the next class Grade: »Homework(20%) »Mid/Final Exam(each 30%) »Class Participation(20%)

3. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-3 8 Student Types n Insecure: 25 % n Silent: 20 % n Independent: 12 % n Friendly: 11 % n Obedient: 10 % n Heroic: 9 % n Critic: 9 % n Unmotivated: 4 % - Michigan State University

4. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-4 1-1. Numerical Representations n 2 ways of representing the numerical value of quantities: Analog and Digital n Analog Representations »A quantity is represented by a voltage, current, or meter »Proportional to value of quantity »Vary over continuous range of values »Examples: automobile speedometer, room thermostat, audio microphone

5. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-5 1-1. Numerical Representations n Digital Representations »The quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits »Examples: digital watch, digital thermometer, digital speedometer, DMM »No ambiguity when reading the value of a digital quantity(discrete nature of digital) »Value of analog quantity is often open to interpretation n Major difference between analog and digital »analog = continuous »digital = discrete n Exam 1-1) Analog quantities or Digital quantities continued

6. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-6 1-2. Digital and Analog Systems n System A system is part of the universe, with a limited extension in space and time. Stronger or more co-relations exist between one part of the system and another. INPUTOUTPUTPROCESS FEEDBACK

7. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-7 n Digital system »Manipulate digital information »Examples: Digital computers/calculators, Digital audio/video equipment, Telephone system n Analog system »Manipulate analog information »Example: Audio amplifier, Magnetic tape recorder/playback equipment, Light dimmer switch 1-2. Digital and Analog Systems continued

8. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-8 n Advantages of Digital Techniques »Easier to design »Information storage is easy »Accuracy and precision are greater »Operation can be programmed »Immunity to effects of noise »Easy fabricated on integrated circuit (IC) chips n Limitations of Digital Techniques »“The real world is mainly analog” n Using digital in an analog world 1) Convert analog input to digital form(ADC) 2) Process digital information 3) Convert digital output back to analog form(DAC)

9. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-9 Measuring device Digital-to- analog converter Controller Analog-to- digital converter Digital processing Temperature (Analog) Adjusts temperature (Analog) (Digital)  Fig. 1-1 Temperature Control System n Hybrid System »Analog + Digital System n “The Future is Digital”

10. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-10 1-3 Digital Number Systems n Most common number systems »Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal n Decimal System/Base-10 System »Composed of 10 symbols or numerals u 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 »Positional-value(weight) System u Value of digit depends on position u Fig. 1-2 Decimal position values as powers of 10 »Decimal Counting u Fig. 1-3 Decimal counting »With n digits u 10 n different numbers u 10 n - 1 largest number

11. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-11 n Binary System/Base-2 System »Composed of 10 symbols or numerals u 0, 1 »Positional-value(weight) System u Value of digit depends on position u Fig. 1-4 Binary position values as powers of 2 »Bit = Binary digit »Binary Counting u Fig. 1-5 Binary counting sequence »With n digits u 2 n different numbers u 2 n - 1 largest number

12. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-12 n Representing Binary Quantities »Use any device with only two states u Fig. 1-6 (a) switch, (b) punched paper tape u light bulb, diode, relay, transistor, photocell, thermostat, mechanical clutch »Electronic digital system u Binary information is represented by voltages (or currents) u Exact value of a voltage is not important(use range of voltage) u Fig. 1-7(a) Typical voltage assignments in digital system »Digital Signals and Timing Diagrams u Fig. 1-7(b) Typical digital signal timing diagram u Vertical line in timing diagram l The transition times are so short compared to the times between transitions. u Logic analyzer or oscilloscope 1-4 Representing Binary Quantities

13. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-13 1-5 Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits n Digital Circuits(=Logic Circuits) »Designed to produce output voltages that fall within the prescribed 0 and 1 voltage ranges »Fig. 1-8 A digital circuit responds to an input’s binary level(0 or 1) and not to its actual voltage »Logic u The manner in which a digital circuit responds to an input »Logical Operation u Relationship between circuit inputs and outputs n Digital IC(Integrated Circuit) »Wide variety of available logic IC »Fabrication Technologies u TTL, CMOS, NMOS, ECL

14. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-14 1-6 Parallel and Serial Transmission n Two basic methods for digital information transmission »Fig. 1-9 (a) Parallel (b) Serial »Trade-off u Parallel : faster u Serial : circuit simplicity 1-7 Memory n Memory »Retaining response property to momentary input »Fig. 1-10 Comparison of non-memory and memory operation »Memory elements u Latch, flip-flop

15. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-15 1-8 Digital Computer n Computer »A system of hardware that performs arithmetic operations, manipulates data(usually in binary form), and makes decisions. »Program u A sequence of instruction n Major parts of a computer »Fig. 1-11 Functional diagram of a digital computer u Input Unit, Memory Unit, Control Unit, ALU, Output Unit »CPU u contains all of circuitry for fetching and interpreting instructions and for controlling and performing the various operations called for by the instruction

16. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-16 Fig. 1-11 Functional diagram of a digital computer InputControl Arithmetic/ Logic Memory Output Data, information Data, information Control Signals Data or information Central Processing Unit (CPU)

17. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-17 n Types of computers »Classification rule: physical size, operating speed, memory capacity, computational power, cost »Classified according to Physical size u microcomputer, minicomputer(workstation), mainframe, super »Microcomputer u Smallest type of computers u consists of several IC chips including a microprocessor chip, memory chip, and input/output interface chip. »Microprocessor(=CPU) u contains the control unit and the ALU u “CPU on a chip” in other words »Microcontroller u Not a general-purpose, Dedicated or Embedded controller u Single chip microcontroller: I/O 포함 u VCRs, ATM, ECU, ABS, Camera, medical instrumentation,….

18. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-18 Minicomputer n Handles processing asks for multiple users n Helps small and medium businesses with tasks such as: »Payroll »Engineering »Accounting

19. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-19 n This closet-sized system unit for the IBM S/390 mainframe contains the processing unit, memory, and circuitry to support multiple terminals. Mainframe Computer

20. Digital Systems © Korea Univ. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 1 Introductory Concepts 1-20 n The Cray T3E supercomputer configurable with six to 2,048 processors, provides the computing power to tackle the world’s most challenging computing problems. Super Computer