1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA TERMS

2. Symmetry  Asymmetrical – no body symmetry  Ex: Sponges – have no true tissues  Radial – similar parts branch out in all directions from a central line  Have a top and bottom side, but no front or back  Ex: Cnidarians  Bilateral – two similar halves on either side of the body  Have dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior portions to the animal  Exhibit cephalization – concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of the animal

3. Body Cavity  Based on Embryological Tissues  Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm  Acoelomate – body cavity absent

4. Body Cavity  Pseudocoelomate – digestive tract is not lined with mesoderm  Cavity between endoderm and mesoderm

5. Body Cavity  Coelomate  Cavity fully lined by mesoderm  Mesoderm lines and supports the gut

6. Nutrition and Digestion  Nutrition – mainly by ingestion  One or Two Openings  Gastrovascular cavity – single opening for digestion and ingestion; found in cnidarians, ctenophores and flatworms  Alimentary canal – two openings for digestive tract  Digestive Structures

7. Circulation  Diffusion / Osmosis  Diffusion – allows carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood and oxygen to diffuse into the blood  Osmosis -  Open System - A system in which the circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels at all times; found in insects, crayfish, some mollusks, and other invertebrates.  Closed System - A system that uses a continuous series of vessels of different sizes to deliver blood to body cells and return it to the heart; found in echinoderms and vertebrates.  Heart Structure  Number of Chambers in Vertebrate Three chambered heart – amphibians, reptiles Four chambered heart – birds, mammals

8. Respiration  Diffusion  Structures  Gills – an organ specialized for the exchange of gasses with water  Book Lungs – in the abdomen of an arachnid, an organ for gas exchange with parallel folds that resembles the pages of a book  Tracheal Tubes In insects, myriapods: one of a network or air tubes that brings air directly to the tissues  Lungs – the respiratory organ where gas exchange occurs In vertebrates: tubes connect the pharynx to the lung

9. Reproduction  External / Internal Fertilization  External – the union of gametes outside the bodies of the parents, as in many fishes and amphibians  Internal – fertilization in which sperm fuses with an egg inside the female ’ s body, as in reptiles, mammals and cartilaginous fishes  Eggs – types  Amniotic Egg – embryo encased in a self-contained aquatic environment ’  Amniotes – animals that produce an amnion  Reptiles, birds, mammals  Types of birth  Oviparous – eggs that that hatch outside of the mothers body Most reptiles, all birds, three species of mammals  Ovoviparous - eggs stored inside the mothers body and are laid right before hatching or born alive  Viviparous – no shell forms around the egg, and the young are kept inside of the mother ’ s body until they are mature enough to be born Most mammals, a few species of lizards and snakes

10. Water Regulation & Excretion  Water Balance  Removal of excess water  Conservation of water  Excretory Terms & Structures  Flame Cells – in flatworms, a cell that collects excess body water and transfers it to the excretory system  Malphigian Tubules – main excretory organs of insects; they collect body fluids and wastes and carry them to the intestine Water is reabsorbed by the body, and wastes leave the body in a nearly solid form  Nephridia / Metanephridia – excretory tubules that eliminate cellular waste and excess water in earthworms Some water is reabsorbed by blood vessels  Kidneys – found in vertebrates; they filter wastes from the blood while regulating water levels in the body

11. Support  Hydrostatic Skeleton – a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles. The pressure of the fluid, and the action of the surrounding muscles are used to create movement  Echinoderms, cnidarians, annelids, nematodes  Exoskeleton – the hard, external covering of some invertebrates that provides protection and support  Arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) and shelled mollucs  Endoskeleton – an internal skeleton  Chordata, Echinodermata, Poriferia

12. Nervous System  Nerves – a strand of axons through which impulses travel  Nerve net – a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in the nervous system of cnidarians  Ganglion – a mass of nerve cells  Cephalization – concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism