2. Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 1: What is Biology?
Unit 2: Ecology
Unit 3: The Life of a Cell
Unit 4: Genetics
Unit 5: Change Through Time
Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Unit 7: Plants
Unit 8: Invertebrates
Unit 9: Vertebrates
Unit 10: The Human Body
Table of Contents – pages iv-v

3. Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 1: What is Biology?
Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life
Unit 2: Ecology
Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology
Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes
Chapter 4: Population Biology
Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation
Unit 3: The Life of a Cell
Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7: A View of the Cell
Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell
Table of Contents – pages iv-v

4. Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 4: Genetics
Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis
Chapter 11: DNA and Genes
Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics
Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Unit 5: Change Through Time
Chapter 14: The History of Life
Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution
Chapter 16: Primate Evolution
Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity
Table of Contents – pages iv-v

5. Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 19: Protists
Chapter 20: Fungi
Unit 7: Plants
Chapter 21: What Is a Plant?
Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants
Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function
Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants
Table of Contents – pages iv-v

6. Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 8: Invertebrates
Chapter 25: What Is an Animal?
Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms
Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms
Chapter 28: Arthropods
Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate
Chordates
Table of Contents – pages iv-v

7. Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 9: Vertebrates
Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians
Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds
Chapter 32: Mammals
Chapter 33: Animal Behavior
Unit 10: The Human Body
Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter 36: The Nervous System
Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion
Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development
Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease
Table of Contents – pages iv-v

8. The Life of a Cell The Chemistry of Life A View of the Cell
Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Energy in a Cell
Unit Overview – pages

9. Chapter Contents – page viii
Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell
9.1: The Need for Energy
9.1: Section Check
9.2: Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy
9.2: Section Check
9.3: Getting Energy to Make ATP
9.3: Section Check
Chapter 9 Summary
Chapter 9 Assessment
Chapter Contents – page viii

10. What You’ll Learn
You will recognize why organisms need a constant supply of energy and where that energy comes from.
You will identify how cells store and release energy as ATP.
You will describe the pathways by which cells obtain energy.
Chapter Intro-page 220

11. What You’ll Learn
You will compare ATP production in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.
Chapter Intro-page 220

12. 9.1 Section Objectives – page 221
Explain why organisms need a supply of energy.
Describe how energy is stored and released by ATP.
9.1 Section Objectives – page 221

13. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Cell Energy
All living organisms must be able to obtain energy from the environment in which they live.
Plants and other green organisms are able to trap the light energy in sunlight and store it in the bonds of certain molecules for later use.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

14. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Cell Energy
Other organisms cannot use sunlight directly.
They eat green plants. In that way, they obtain the energy stored in plants.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

15. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Work and the need for energy
Active transport, cell division, movement of flagella or cilia, and the production, transport, and storage of proteins are some examples of cell processes that require energy.
There is a molecule in your cells that is a quick source of energy for any organelle in the cell that needs it.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

16. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Work and the need for energy
The name of this energy molecule is adenosine triphosphate or ATP for short.
ATP is composed of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

17. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP
The charged phosphate groups act like the positive poles of two magnets.
Bonding three phosphate groups to form adenosine triphosphate requires considerable energy.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

18. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP
When only one phosphate group bonds, a small amount of energy is required and the chemical bond does not store much energy. This molecule is called adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
When a second phosphate group is added, more energy is required to force the two groups together. This molecule is called adenosine diphosphate, or ADP.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

19. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP
An even greater amount of energy is required to force a third charged phosphate group close enough to the other two to form a bond. When this bond is broken, energy is released.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

20. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP
The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the molecule is broken down. P P P
Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P P
Adenosine
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

21. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP
When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, the energy must be captured and used efficiently by cells.
Many proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

22. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP
Then, when the phosphate bond is broken and the energy released, the cell can use the energy for activities such as making a protein or transporting molecules through the plasma membrane.
ATP
Protein P
Energy
ADP
ADP
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

23. Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP
When ATP has been broken down to ADP, the ADP is released from the binding site in the protein and the binding site may then be filled by another ATP molecule.
Section 9.1 Summary – pages

24. Question 1
What is the primary difference in the ways that plants and animals obtain energy?
Answer
All living organisms need energy. Plants can trap light energy in sunlight and store it for later use. Animals cannot trap energy from sunlight and must eat plants that contain stored energy.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 1 Check

25. Question 2 Why does the formation of ATP require energy?
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 1 Check

26. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, which are charged particles. Energy is required to bond the phosphate groups onto the same molecule because they behave the same way that the poles of magnets do and repel groups with like charges. When the ATP molecule is broken down, the chemical energy stored in it becomes available to the cell for life processes.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 1 Check

27. Question 3
A molecule of adenosine that has one phosphate group bonded to it is ______.
A. AMP
B. ADP
C. ATP
D. ACP
Section 1 Check

28. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
The answer is A. AMP is adenosine monophosphate. P P P
Adenosine
The addition and release of a phosphate group on adenosine diphosphate creates a cycle of ATP formation and breakdown.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P P
Adenosine
Section 1 Check

29. Question 4
What is the function of the protein molecule shown in this diagram?
ATP
Protein P
Energy
ADP
ADP
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 1 Check

30. This protein molecule has a specific binding site for ATP
This protein molecule has a specific binding site for ATP. In order to access the energy stored ATP, the protein molecule binds the ATP and uncouples one phosphate group. This action releases energy that is then available to the cell.
ATP
Protein P
Energy
ADP
ADP
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 1 Check

31. 9.2 Section Objectives – page 225
Relate the structure of chloroplasts to the events in photosynthesis.
Describe light-dependent reactions.
Explain the reactions and products of the light-independent Calvin cycle.
9.2 Section Objectives – page 225

32. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Trapping Energy from Sunlight
The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is called photosynthesis.
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

33. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Trapping Energy from Sunlight
Photosynthesis happens in two phases.
The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy.
2. The molecules of ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions are then used to fuel the light-independent reactions that produce simple sugars.
The general equation for photosynthesis is written as 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

34. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Trapping Energy from Sunlight
Click image to view movie.
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

35. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
The chloroplast and pigments
To trap the energy in the sun’s light, the thylakoid membranes contain pigments, molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
Although a photosystem contains several kinds of pigments, the most common is chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs most wavelengths of light except green.
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

36. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Light-Dependent Reactions
As sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules in a photosystem of the thylakoid membrane, the energy in the light is transferred to electrons.
These highly energized, or excited, electrons are passed from chlorophyll to an electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

37. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Sun
Light-Dependent Reactions
Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.
At each step along the transport chain, the electrons lose energy.
Chlorophyll passes energy down through the electron transport chain.
Energized electrons provide energy that
splits
H2O
bonds P
to ADP
forming ATP H+
oxygen
released
NADP+
NADPH
for the use in light-independent reactions
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

38. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Light-Dependent Reactions
This “lost” energy can be used to form ATP from ADP, or to pump hydrogen ions into the center of the thylakoid disc.
Electrons are re-energized in a second photosystem and passed down a second electron transport chain.
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

39. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Light-Dependent Reactions
The electrons are transferred to the stroma of the chloroplast. To do this, an electron carrier molecule called NADP is used.
NADP can combine with two excited electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+) to become NADPH.
NADPH will play an important role in the light-independent reactions.
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

40. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Restoring electrons
To replace the lost electrons, molecules of water are split in the first photosystem. This reaction is called photolysis.
Sun _ 1
Chlorophyll
O2 + 2H+ 2 _
2e- 1
H2O ®2H+ +
O2 + 2e-
H2O 2
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

41. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
Restoring electrons
The oxygen produced by photolysis is released into the air and supplies the oxygen we breathe.
The electrons are returned to chlorophyll.
The hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid, where they accumulate in high concentration.
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

42. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
(CO2)
The Calvin Cycle
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

43. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle
Carbon fixation The carbon atom from CO2 bonds with a five-carbon sugar called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) to form an unstable six-carbon sugar.
(CO2)
The stroma in chloroplasts hosts the Calvin cycle.
(RuBP)
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

44. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle
Formation of 3-carbon molecules The six-carbon sugar formed in Step A immediately splits to form two three-carbon molecules.
(Unstable intermediate)
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

45. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle
Use of ATP and NADPH A series of reactions involving ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions converts the three-carbon molecules into phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL), three-carbon sugars with higher energy bonds.
ATP
ADP +
NADPH
NADP+
(PGAL)
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

46. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle
Sugar production One out of every six molecules of PGAL is transferred to the cytoplasm and used in the synthesis of sugars and other carbohydrates. After three rounds of the cycle, six molecules of PGAL are produced.
(PGAL)
(Sugars and other carbohydrates)
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

47. Section 9.2 Summary – pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle
RuBP is replenished Five molecules of PGAL, each with three carbon atoms, produce three molecules of the five-carbon RuBP. This replenishes the RuBP that was used up, and the cycle can continue.
ADP+ P
ATP
(PGAL)
Section 9.2 Summary – pages

48. Question 1
The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is ________.
A. cellular respiration
B. glycolysis
C. photosynthesis
D. photolysis
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 2 Check

49. The answer is C. Photosynthesis happens in two phases to make simple sugars and convert the sugars into complex carbohydrates for energy storage.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 2 Check

50. Question 2
The function accomplished by the light-dependent reactions is ________.
A. energy storage
B. sugar production
C. carbon fixation
D. conversion of sugar to PGAL
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 2 Check

51. Sun
The answer is A. The light-dependent reactions transfer energy from the sun to chlorophyll, and pass energized electrons to proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane for storage in ATP and NADPH molecules.
Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll passes energy down through the electron transport chain.
Energized electrons provide energy that
splits
H2O
bonds P
to ADP
forming ATP H+
oxygen
released
NADP+
NADPH
for the use in light-independent reactions
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 2 Check

52. Question 3 The first step in the Calvin cycle is the ________.
A. replenishing of ribulose biphosphate
B. production of phosphoglyceraldehyde
C. Splitting of six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon molecules
D. Bonding of carbon to ribulose biphosphate
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 2 Check

53. The answer is D. The carbon atom from CO2 bonds with a five-carbon sugar to form an unstable six-carbon sugar. This molecule then splits to form two three-carbon molecules.
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 2 Check

54. Question 4
How many rounds of the Calvin cycle must occur in order for one molecule of PGAL to be transferred to the cell’s cytoplasm?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 2 Check

55. The answer is C. Each round of the Calvin cycle produces two molecules of PGAL.
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 2 Check

56. 9.3 Section Objectives – page 231
Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation.
Explain how cells obtain energy from cellular respiration.
9.3 Section Objectives – page 231

57. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Cellular Respiration
The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration.
There are three stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

58. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Cellular Respiration
The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobic—no oxygen is required.
The last two stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be completed.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

59. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound.
4ATP
2ADP
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP
4ADP + 4P
Glucose
2PGAL
2NAD+
2NADH + 2H+
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

60. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is not very effective, producing only two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down.
4ATP
2ADP
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP
4ADP + 4P
Glucose
2PGAL
2NAD+
2NADH + 2H+
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

61. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Glycolysis
Before citric acid cycle and electron transport chain can begin, pyruvic acid undergoes a series of reactions in which it gives off a molecule of CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
Mitochondrial membrane
CO2
Outside the mitochondrion
Inside the mitochondrion
Coenzyme A
- CoA
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid
Intermediate by-product
Acetyl-CoA
NAD+
NADH + H+
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

62. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
The citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions similar to the Calvin cycle in that the molecule used in the first reaction is also one of the end products.
For every turn of the cycle, one molecule of ATP and two molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

63. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
The Citric Acid Cycle
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

64. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
The electron transport chain
In the electron transport chain, the carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 gives up electrons that pass through a series of reactions. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
Overall, the electron transport chain adds 32 ATP molecules to the four already produced.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

65. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
The electron transport chain
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

66. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Fermentation
During heavy exercise, when your cells are without oxygen for a short period of time, an anaerobic process called fermentation follows glycolysis and provides a means to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

67. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation is one of the processes that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce.
In this process, the reactions that produced pyruvic acid are reversed.
Two molecules of pyruvic acid use NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

68. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Lactic acid fermentation
This releases NAD+ to be used in glycolysis, allowing two ATP molecules to be formed for each glucose molecule.
The lactic acid is transferred from muscle cells, to the liver that converts it back to pyruvic acid.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

69. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Alcoholic fermentation
Another type of fermentation, alcoholic fermentation, is used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol.
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

70. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Table 9.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Food synthesized
Food broken down
Energy from sun stored in glucose
Energy of glucose released
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off
Oxygen taken in
Produces sugars from PGAL
Produces CO2 and H2O
Requires light
Does not require light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll
Occurs in all living cells
Section 9.3 Summary – pages

71. Question 1
What do the Calvin cycle and the Citric acid cycle have in common?
A. The molecule used in the first reaction is also one of the end products.
B. Both require input of ATP molecules.
C. Both generate ADP.
D. From every turn of the cycle, two molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 3 Check

72. The answer is A. In the Calvin cycle, RuBP bonds to carbon in the first step and is produced in the last step. In the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetic acid reacts in the first step and is recycled in the last step.
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Section 3 Check

73. Question 2
The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called ________.
A. photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration
C. the light-independent reaction
D. the Calvin cycle
FL: SC.B.1.4.1, SC.F.1.4.5
Section 3 Check

74. The answer is B. Photosynthesis, light-independent reactions, and the Calvin cycle all occur in plants.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1, SC.F.1.4.5
Section 3 Check

75. Question 3 The three stages of cellular respiration are ________.
A. glycolysis, the Calvin cycle, and the electron transport chain
B. carbon fixation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 3 Check

76. Question 3 The three stages of cellular respiration are ________.
C. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
D. the light-dependent reactions, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 3 Check

77. The answer is C. The first stage is anaerobic, but the last two stages require oxygen to be completed.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 3 Check

78. Question 4 Which of the following yields the greatest net ATP?
A. Lactic acid fermentation
B. Alcoholic fermentation
C. Calvin cycle
D. Cellular respiration
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 3 Check

79. The answer is D. Cellular respiration is far more efficient in ATP production than the fermentation reactions.
Comparison of Fermentation to Cellular Respiration
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic
Cellular respiration
glucose
glucose
glucose
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
alcohol
water
2 ATP
2 ATP
38 ATP
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Section 3 Check

80. The Need for Energy
ATP is the molecule that stores energy for easy use within the cell.
ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to ADP. When ATP is broken down, ADP and phosphate are formed and energy is released.
Green organisms trap the energy in sunlight and store it in the bonds of certain molecules for later use.
Chapter Summary – 9.1

81. The Need for Energy
Organisms that cannot use sunlight directly obtain energy by consuming plants or other organisms that have consumed plants.
Chapter Summary – 9.1

82. Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy
Photosynthesis is the process by which cells use light energy to make simple sugars.
Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plant cells traps light energy needed for photosynthesis.
The light reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP and result in the splitting of water molecules.
Chapter Summary – 9.2

83. Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy
The reactions of the Calvin Cycle make carbohydrates using CO2 along with ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.
Chapter Summary – 9.2

84. Getting Energy to Make ATP
In cellular respiration, cells break down carbohydrates to release energy.
The first stage of cellular respiration, glycolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
The citric acid cycle takes place in mitochondria and requires oxygen.
Chapter Summary – 9.3

85. Question 1
Name two differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

86. Although both processes use electron carriers and form ATP, they accomplish quite different tasks as shown in the table.
Table 9.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Food synthesized
Food broken down
Energy from sun stored in glucose
Energy of glucose released
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off
Oxygen taken in
Produces sugars from PGAL
Produces CO2 and H2O
Requires light
Does not require light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll
Occurs in all living cells
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

87. D. ribulose biphosphate
Question 2
Choose the word from this list that does NOT belong with the others.
A. oxaloacetic acid
B. FADH2
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. ribulose biphosphate
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Chapter Assessment

88. The answer is D. RuBP is utilized in the Calvin cycle; the others are part of the citric acid cycle.
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Chapter Assessment

89. Question 3
Six molecules of glucose would give a net yield of _____ ATP following glycolysis.
A. 8
B. 16
C. 6
D. 12
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Chapter Assessment

90. The answer is D. Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down.
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Chapter Assessment

91. Question 4
In which of the following structures do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place? A. C. B. D.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

92. The answer is D. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

93. Question 5
In which stage of photosynthesis is carbon from CO2 used to form a six-carbon sugar?
A. Calvin cycle
B. glycolysis
C. citric acid cycle
D. electron transport chain
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

94. The answer is A. (CO2) (Unstable intermediate) (RuPB) ADP + ATP ATP
NADPH
NADP+
(PGAL)
(PGAL)
(PGAL)
(Sugars and other carbohydrates)
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

95. Question 6
What component of thylakoid membranes absorbs specific wavelengths of sunlight?
A. electrons
B. pigments
C. chloroplasts
D. mitochondria
FL: SC.F.1.4.3
Chapter Assessment

96. The answer is B. Pigments are arranged within the thylakoid membranes in photosystems; the most common pigment is chlorophyll.
FL: SC.F.1.4.3
Chapter Assessment

97. Question 7
Which of the following is a product of cellular respiration?
A. lactic acid
B. alcohol
C. glucose
D. carbon dioxide
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

98. The answer is D. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are the products of cellular respiration.
FL: SC.B.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment

99. which takes place in stroma
Question 8
Complete the concept map using the following terms: RuBP replenishing, formation of 3-carbon molecules, Calvin cycle, carbon fixation. 1 2 3
are steps in 4
which takes place in stroma
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Chapter Assessment

100. Completed concept map should reflect carbon fixation, RuBP replenishing, and formation of 3-carbon molecules as steps in the Calvin cycle which takes place in stroma.
FL: SC.F.1.4.5
Chapter Assessment

101. To advance to the next item or next page click on any of the following keys: mouse, space bar, enter, down or forward arrow.
Click on this icon to return to the table of contents
Click on this icon to return to the previous slide
Click on this icon to move to the next slide
Click on this icon to open the resources file.

102. End of Chapter 9 Show