3. EAP8: Academic Vocabulary

4. 1.William Gates IIIWilliam Gates III 2.Warren BuffettWarren Buffett 3.Carlos Slim HelúCarlos Slim Helú 4.Lawrence EllisonLawrence Ellison 5.Ingvar KampradIngvar Kamprad 6.Karl AlbrechtKarl Albrecht 7.Mukesh AmbaniMukesh Ambani 8.Lakshmi MittalLakshmi Mittal 9.Theo AlbrechtTheo Albrecht 10.Amancio OrtegaAmancio Ortega 11.Jim WaltonJim Walton 12.Alice WaltonAlice Walton 13.Christy WaltonChristy Walton 14.S Robson WaltonS Robson Walton 15.Bernard ArnaultBernard Arnault 16.Li Ka-shingLi Ka-shing 17.Michael BloombergMichael Bloomberg 18.Stefan PerssonStefan Persson 19.Charles KochCharles Koch 20.David KochDavid Koch

5. 1Liu Yongxing3,00060East Hope Group 2 Wong Kwong Yu (Huang Guangyu) 2,70039 Gome Electrical Appliances 3Yang Huiyan2,22027Country Garden 4Liu Yonghao2,20057New Hope Group 5Zhou Chengjian & family2,00043Metersbonwe 6Zhang Jindong1,80045Suning Appliances 7Robin Li1,70040Baidu.com 8Du Shuanghua1,60043Rizhao Steel 9Ma Huateng1,58037Tencent 10Zhou Furen & family1,55057Xiyang Group 11Lu Zhiqiang1,52057Oceanwide Group 12Shi Zhengrong1,50045Suntech 13Xiaofeng Peng1,41033LDK Solar 14Shi Yuzhu1,40046Shanghai Jiante 15Chu Lam Yiu1,35039Huabao 16Zong Qinghou1,30063Wahaha Group 17William Ding Lei1,25037NetEase.com 18Hui Wing Mau (Xu Rongmao)1,23058Shimao Group 19Zhang Xin & family1,21045Soho China 20He Xiangjian1,15066Midea Group

6. RankNameNet Worth ($mil)AgeCompany 1Liu Yongxing3,00060East Hope Group 2 Wong Kwong Yu (Huang Guangyu) 2,70039 Gome Electrical Appliances 3Yang Huiyan2,22027Country Garden 4Liu Yonghao2,20057New Hope Group 5Zhou Chengjian & family2,00043Metersbonwe 6Zhang Jindong1,80045Suning Appliances 7Robin Li1,70040Baidu.com 8Du Shuanghua1,60043Rizhao Steel 9Ma Huateng1,58037Tencent 10Zhou Furen & family1,55057Xiyang Group 11Lu Zhiqiang1,52057Oceanwide Group 12Shi Zhengrong1,50045Suntech 13Xiaofeng Peng1,41033LDK Solar 14Shi Yuzhu1,40046Shanghai Jiante 15Chu Lam Yiu1,35039Huabao 16Zong Qinghou1,30063Wahaha Group 17William Ding Lei1,25037NetEase.com 18Hui Wing Mau (Xu Rongmao)1,23058Shimao Group 19Zhang Xin & family1,21045Soho China 20He Xiangjian1,15066Midea Group

8. MOSTChineseassumeitissomethingofamixedblessingtoa ppearintheannualrankingsofChina ’ swealthiestcitizenspu blishedbyForbesmagazine.Earlythisyearanovelwiththetit le “ ThecurseofForbes ” wassyndicatedinaChinesemagazin ebeforebeingpublishedasabook.Anyoneonthelist,itsprot agonistwarns,is “ deadmeat ”.Therankingsarewidelyknow nas “ pigkillinglists ” referencetothefatetheauthoritiesareth oughttohaveinmindforthosewhoappearonthem.Inarevie wofthebook,Forbesreflectsonthefactthatmanypeopleoni tsChineselistshaveindeedbeendetainedorarrested,andas kswhether “ anyoneinChinaissafefromthecurse ”.

10. MOST Chinese assume it is something of a mixed blessing to appear in the annual rankings of China ’ s wealthiest citizens published by Forbes magazine. Early this year a novel with the title “ The curse of Forbes ” was syndicated in a Chinese magazine before being published as a book. Anyone on the list, its protagonist warns, is “ dead meat ”. The rankings are widely known as “ pig-killing lists ”— a reference to the fate the authorities are thought to have in mind for those who appear on them. In a review of the book, Forbes reflects on the fact that many people on its Chinese lists have indeed been detained or arrested, and asks whether “ anyone in China is safe from the curse ”.

12. MOST Chinese assume it is something of a mixed blessing to appear in the annual rankings of China ’ s wealthiest citizens published by Forbes magazine. Early this year a novel with the title “ The curse of Forbes ” was syndicated in a Chinese magazine before being published as a book. Anyone on the list, Its protagonist warns, is “ dead meat ”. The rankings are widely known as “ pig-killing lists ”— a reference to the fate the authorities are thought to have in mind for those who appear on them. In a review of the book, Forbes reflects on the fact that many people on its Chinese lists have indeed been detained or arrested, and asks whether “ anyone in China is safe from the curse ”.

13. MOST Chinese 1_________ it is something of a 2 _________ blessing to 3 _________ in the annual rankings of China ’ s wealthiest 4 _________ 5 _________ by Forbes magazine. Early 6 _________ year a novel with the 7 _________ “ The curse of Forbes ” was syndicated in a Chinese magazine before being 8 _________ as a book. Anyone on the list, Its protagonist warns, is “ 9 _________ meat ”. The rankings are 10 _________ known as “ pig-killing lists ”— a reference 11 _________ the fate the authorities are thought to have in 12 _________ for those who appear on them. In a 13 _________ of the book, Forbes reflects on the 14_________ that many people on its Chinese lists have indeed been detained or 15 _________, and asks 16 _________ “ anyone in China is safe from the 17 _________ ”.

14. The answer, new research suggests, is yes. Rupert Hoogewerf, the author of Forbes ’ s first Chinese list, which appeared ten years ago, and now publisher of a competing version called the Hurun Rich List, looked at what has happened to the 1,300-odd people who have featured in it. Two await trial, ten are currently under investigation, seven have been investigated but not convicted, seven have fled China, and six have died (including two suicides and one murder). Eighteen have ended up in jail, which may sound like quite a toll, but amounts to less than 2% of the names on the list — not so outlandish a proportion, Mr Hoogewerf argues.

15. Nonetheless, many still wonder whether wealth in China is inextricably tied to crime and corruption, the “original sins” that are thought to have underpinned the rise of many of the country’s most lucrative ventures. That question was the subject of a 20-page article published last week in Kan Tian Xia (“View the world”), a magazine based in Beijing, which cited Mr Hoogewerf’s findings. Mr Hoogewerf himself points out that many of the crimes committed by China’s tycoons date back to an earlier era, when credit was harder to obtain and corporate governance cruder (see table). New wealth, particularly in areas where venture capital plays a big part, such as technology, is subject to closer scrutiny these days. He maintains that the stigma associated with wealth in the past, sometimes deservedly, has lifted in recent years.

16. But China’s tycoons continue to get into trouble. Shortly before “The curse of Forbes” appeared, it emerged that Huang Guangyu (also known as Wong Kwong Yu), a retailing magnate who was first on Hurun’s list last year and second on Forbes’s, had disappeared. He was subsequently reported to have been detained in a wide-ranging bribery probe. In June the mayor of Shenzhen, a big city near Hong Kong, was detained in what was thought to be the same probe. On August 31st Hopson Development, a property firm, revealed that for the past six months it had been unable to account for its own chairman, Chu Mang Yee (140th on the Forbes list, and tenth on Hurun’s), although the link to the probe, if any, is unclear.

17. The majority of people who have posted comments on other websites about the Kan Tian Xia article seem suspicious of successful businessmen. Tellingly, the government’s internet censors have let these comments proliferate, suggesting that it takes a similar view. One blogger argued that the vast majority of those on rich lists had escaped jail simply because they had bribed officials to stay out of it. “Even our children know you cannot succeed without dirtying your hands,” another added. A third had an even grimmer view: “Remember that any enterprise that is big will, eventually, become the government’s property.” It is not always the tycoons who are the crooks.

18. annual areas assume author authorities cited comments committed corporate credit debates economist edition emerged eventually featured investigated investigation link maintains majority nonetheless obtain proportion published publisher research revealed similar subsequently technology version

19. The following facilities are available to all Pre-Sessional students: - English language materials in the Centre Self-Access Resource Room - Full use of the University Library - Computing services including email Generally speaking, the right length of course for each student will depend on current level of preparation in both English language and study skills. Registration will take place at the start of the course (prior to the commencement of teaching). Students who fail to notify the Centre of late-arrival will not be permitted to join the course. Extract 1 If you ’ re on the PS course you can use all the stuff in the self-access room, uni library and computer network including email. Extract 2 How many modules you should sign up for depends more or less on how good you reckon your english & study skills already are. Extract 3 You have to register to start with before classes begin - and if you ’ re going to arrive late and don ’ t tell them they won ’ t let you on the course.

20. Website extract 1: The following facilities are available to all Pre-Sessional students: - English language materials in the Centre Self-Access Resource Room - Full use of the University Library - Computing services including email Website extract 2: Generally speaking, the right length of course for each student will depend on current level of preparation in both English language and study skills. Website extract 3: Registration will take place at the start of the course (prior to the commencement of teaching). Students who fail to notify the Centre of late-arrival will not be permitted to join the course. Email messages E xtract 1 If you ’ re on the PS course you can use all the stuff in the self-access room, uni library and computer network including email. Extract 2 How many modules you should sign up for depends more or less on how good you reckon your english & study skills already are. Extract 3 You have to register to start with before classes begin - and if you ’ re going to arrive late and don ’ t tell them they won ’ t let you on the course.

21. 1. Avoid contractions4.Limit the use of direct questions 2. Aim for concise negatives5.Use impersonal address 3. Aim for strong sentence ending6.Opt for more formal lexis Common style guide for academic writing Use these suggestions to increase the formality of example sentences 1-7 below Example sentences to improve: 1.A skewed sample may ’ ve affected the results. 2.The students didn't have much difficulty with the task. 3.Special tax laws were enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio etc 4.What are the causes of the problem? I will now investigate that. 5.We got some interesting data from the experiment. 6.If you fail the exam, you can't get into the university. 7.We did a survey / The essays were done under exam conditions / I did an analysis

22. Free exercise: Improve the style of the following sentences 1.You can clearly see the difference between these two charts 2.The survey included a lot of different people 3.There are some studies which have shown that exam pressure can cause students to under-perform in written tests. 4.By 'under-perform' we mean that the test result does not show their true ability.