1. Forces Transformation & Resources 1 Network Centric Operations: Insights and Challenges Mr. John J. Garstka Special Assistant Force Transformation & Analysis DASD Forces Transformation & Resources ASD(SOLIC/IC) OUSD(Policy) (703) 697- 3723 john.garstka@osd.mil www.oft.osd.mil Presentation to NASA ESTO AIST-05 Sensor Web PI Meeting Orlando Florida 3 April 2008

2. Forces Transformation & Resources 2 Bottom Line Up Front Networking can have a significant positive impact on the operational effectiveness and efficiency of networked organizations across the spectrum of operations

3. Forces Transformation & Resources 3 Overview Overview of Theory Networked Forces in Combat Operations –Operational Effectiveness of Networked Forces Current Challenges

4. Forces Transformation & Resources 4 How a Networked Force Operates: Network Centric Warfare Information Advantage Warfighting Advantage Creates an Information Advantage and translates it into a decisive Warfighting Advantage Information Advantage - well informed Information Advantage - enabled by the robust networking of well informed geographically dispersed forces Characterized by: - Information sharing - Information sharing - Shared situational awareness - Shared situational awareness - Knowledge of commander’s intent - Knowledge of commander’s intent Warfighting Advantage - Warfighting Advantage - exploits behavioral change and new doctrine to enable: - - Self-synchronization - - Speed of command - - Increased combat power Exploits Order of Magnitude Improvement in Information Sharing

5. Forces Transformation & Resources 5 Relevancy of Networked Forces Major Combat Operations Stability Operations Homeland Defense Integrated Operations/ Military Support to Crisis

6. Forces Transformation & Resources 6 Shared Situational Understanding Awareness Assessment Domains of Warfare Situational Understanding Awareness Assessment Information Domain Cognitive Domain Physical Domain Leadership Unit Cohesion Morale Strike Maneuver Protect Support Social Domain Mind of the Warfighter Where Information is Created, Shared …..

7. Forces Transformation & Resources 7 I nformation-Age Warfare … Sources of Advantage Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain Cycle Conveyed Commander’s Intent Physical Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage Information Domain Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Precision Force Compressed Operations Shared Awareness Speed and Access Network Centric Operations Social Domain Cultural Awareness Information Advantage

8. Forces Transformation & Resources 8 A Robustly Networked Force Improves Information Sharing Information Sharing And Collaboration Enhances the Quality of Information and Shared Situational Awareness Shared Situational Awareness Enables Collaboration and Self Synchronization and Enhances Sustainability and Speed of Command These in Turn Dramatically Increase Mission Effectiveness Tenets of NCW: A Hypothesis Regarding Sources of Power Physical Domain Cognitive + Social Domains Information Domain Robustly Networked Force Information Sharing Collaboration Shared Situational Awareness Quality of Information Mission Effectiveness Self Synchronization New Processes Tenets of Network Centric Operations …The New Value Chain – High Level

9. Forces Transformation & Resources 9 Collaboration “Networked” Force Mission Effectiveness Shared Situational Awareness Quality of Information Information Domain Cognitive & Social Domains Physical Domain Information Sharing Common “Picture” Decision Making Self Synchronization Individual Situational Awareness The NCO Value Chain …Expanded

10. Forces Transformation & Resources 10 Tactical Picture: OIF Major Combat Operations - 2003

11. Forces Transformation & Resources 11 Tactical Picture: 3/2 Stryker Brigade – Training Exercise – May 2003 II OOO MAIN EFFORT Follow and Attack to seize OBJ Blaze CAV SQDN (RSTA) Route Recon Recon OBJ Blaze II OOO II OOO SUPPORTING EFFORT Attack to clear enemy forces in disruption zone Isolate the OBJ Blaze

12. Forces Transformation & Resources 12 GFAC UAV SPI LINK-16 Air Track UAV Friendly EPLRS Positions GFAC 9 line Target A-10 FAC Link-16 Land Track SADL Flight Member F-16C Horizontal Situation Cockpit Display Tactical Picture: F-16C in an Interoperability Exercise in 2002

13. Forces Transformation & Resources 13 SARS: Singapore NRF Assessment – NRF 5: Pakistan Earthquake Relief Military Support to Crisis Stability Operations Major Combat Operations Stryker BCT (OIF) UK Low-Intensity Conflict NATO Task Force Fox Joint Urban Operations Coalition Maritime Ops (OIF) Task Force-50 (OEF) Naval Special Warfare Group I (OEF/OIF) Stryker BCT (JRTC) V Corps/3 ID (OIF) Air-to-Air (JTIDS) Air-to-Ground (DCX-I /OEF/OIF) Air-to-Ground w/ Special Operations Forces (OIF) US/UK Coalition (OIF) NATO ACE Mobile Force Land NATO Response Force (NRF) Assessment – NRF 4 Network Centric Operations Case Studies Cover a Wide Range of Mission Areas

14. Forces Transformation & Resources 14 Operational Effectiveness Insights Network Enabled Sensing Air-to-Air Combat

15. Forces Transformation & Resources 15 Network Enabled Sensing Information “Richness” Information “Reach” Content Accuracy Timeliness Relevance... Platform-Centric Operations Network- Centric Operations * E-3 AWACS * JSTARS * Rivet Joint * Network-Centric Collaborative Targeting (NCCT) * U-2

16. Forces Transformation & Resources 16 Application of network-centric techniques to horizontally integrate multiple ISR assets, providing machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction of multi-INT sensors, to create actionable information on time sensitive targets Multi-INT with Imagery, GMTI and SIGINT What NCCT Does BR03-006-16

17. Forces Transformation & Resources 17 Network Centric Sensing Engage Find, Fix Target, Track Assess Order of Magnitude Improvement in Performance Spatial Domain (Meters) 10 50 100 500 1,000 Projected Performance Notional Estimates Temporal Domain (Minutes) 12345678910 Today - 1 Platform 2 Platforms SIGINT 3 Platforms SIGINT GMTI/SIGINT + Imagery SIGINT + GMTI 2 Fighters ESM and 2 Platforms SIGINT

18. Forces Transformation & Resources 18 Network Centric Sensing Engage Find, Fix Target, Track Assess Order of Magnitude Improvement in Performance Spatial Domain (Meters) 10 50 100 500 1,000 Projected Performance Notional Estimates JSOW JDAM HARM Weapon Thresholds ERGM AGM-130 Temporal Domain (Minutes) 12345678910 Today - 1 Platform 2 Platforms SIGINT 3 Platforms SIGINT GMTI/SIGINT + Imagery SIGINT + GMTI 2 Fighters ESM and 2 Platforms SIGINT

19. Forces Transformation & Resources 19 Time - T+ 2 seconds Ground Truth = 2 targets Network View 2 Targets detected and reported 2600 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA only first track Independent Platform Views Multiple detections, no tracks formed and no reports Ground Truth is Red Platform is Blue Detections are Yellow 100% 0%

20. Forces Transformation & Resources 20 Time - T+29 Seconds Ground Truth = 5 targets Network View 4 Targets detected and reported 89 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA only Independent Platform Views Multiple detections 1 SIGINT track formed and reported from GR 138 meter CEP 20% 0% 80%

21. Forces Transformation & Resources 21 Time - T+86 Seconds Ground Truth = 5 targets Network View 4 Targets detected and reported 42 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA AND GMTI Independent Platform Views Multiple detections 1 SIGINT track formed and reported from GR 138 meter CEP 20% 0% 80%

22. Forces Transformation & Resources 22 Time - T+90 Seconds Ground Truth = 5 targets Network View 5 Targets detected and reported 42 meter CEP SIGINT AOA-AOA AND GMTI Independent Platform Views Multiple Detections 1 SIGINT track reported from GR 138 meter CEP 20% 0% 100%

23. Forces Transformation & Resources 23 Air-to-Air Networking …Within a Domain Office of Force Transformation / RAND Air-to-Air Case Study Compare Mission Effectiveness of “Voice Only” F-15 Flights to Those with Voice & Link 16/JTIDS Capabilities – 12K Sortie Look “So Whats?” of a Common Tactical Picture Info Completeness: “Ownship” & Other Friendly Aircraft –Free Time = Ability to Focus on Fight Info Superiority: Quick Awareness & Understanding of Enemy Increased Decision Time –More Lethal and/or Survivable Intercept Geometry Decisions Earlier/Better Targeting –Improved Shot Lethality –Higher Number Shots per Time Battle Manage & Target While Cold (with Same S.A.) Better Ability to Self-Synchronize (“Swarm”)

24. Forces Transformation & Resources 24 Quality of Individual Info: Voice Only AWACS BLUE 11 / 12 BLUE 13 / 14 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 BBBB QQQQ 4321 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 BBBB QQQQ 4321 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 BBBB QQQQ 4321 Q1 Completeness: Detect Q2 Correctness: ID Q3 Correctness: Location Q4 Correctness: Velocity Voice + Link 16 RED 11 / 12 RED 13 / 14

25. Forces Transformation & Resources 25 Time B11 (Flight lead) Voice Only Information Understanding Awareness Decisions B12 (Wingman) Air-to-Air: Quality of Individual Info Voice Only AwarenessInformation Voice Only Decisions Voice + Link 16 Awareness InfoUnderstanding Awareness InfoUnderstanding Decisions? Voice + Link 16 80 2526 269/69 80 310/89 B11 (Flight lead) B12 (Wingman) 80 2526 16 15 28 30 269/69 80 2526 16 15 28 30 272/70 B11/13 (Flt Lds) B12/14 (Wings) Voice + Link 16 “Combat Reserve” Awareness InfoUnderstanding Awareness InfoUnderstanding

26. Forces Transformation & Resources 26 Voice Voice + Link 16 Degree of Information Sharing Quality of Individual Information Degree of Networking Quantity of Retrieved Info Quality of Decisions Kill Ratio Quality of Organic Info Quality of Sensemaking 0.28 0.5 1.0 0.08 1.0 0.4 0.91 3.10:1 8.11:1 1.0 0.22 1.0 Air-Air Case Study Conclusions Application of NCO Value Chain Yielded Results Consistent with Live Flight & Pilot Interview Results Validated Relationships Between NCO Capabilities Hypothesized for the Air-Air Mission “Information Advantage” “Physical Advantage” “Cognitive Advantage” Kill Ratio Comparison Voice Only Voice + Link 16 Day 3.10 8.11 Night 3.62 9.40

27. Forces Transformation & Resources 27 2008 Networks are a key enabler of the DoD Enterprise Ongoing significant investments in C2, Communications, and Networking capabilities Increased focus on cyber defense and information assurance

28. Forces Transformation & Resources 28 Challenges Accelerating the development of Doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for networked forces Information sharing with mission partners Enhancing leader development

29. Forces Transformation & Resources 29 Process Innovation Technology Innovation Leads People Innovation Organizational Innovation Technology Innovation Technology Process Organization People Initial Capability Technology Process Organization People Evolving Capability

30. Forces Transformation & Resources 30 Process Innovation Technology + Process Innovation People Innovation Organizational Innovation Technology Innovation Technology Process Organization People Technology Process Organization People Initial Capability Evolving Capability

31. Forces Transformation & Resources 31 Process Innovation Transformation Process: Full Spectrum Innovation People Innovation Organizational Innovation Technology Innovation Technology Process Organization People Technology Process Organization People Initial Capability Evolving Capability

32. Forces Transformation & Resources 32 Overcoming Impediments to Innovation & Transformation Information Domain Cognitive & Social Domains Physical Domain Organizational Innovation Individual Behavior Organizational Behavior Organizational Values Organizational Incentives Organizational Structure Organizational Processes Increasing Level of Difficulty for Change Technology Innovation Process Innovation Platform “Technologies” Information “Technologies” “New Concepts” Vision and Leadership are key to overcoming Impediments to Innovation People Innovation

33. Forces Transformation & Resources 33 Challenges Accelerating the development of Doctrine and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for networked forces Information sharing with mission partners Enhancing leader development

34. Forces Transformation & Resources 34 Operational impact of networking is more significant than originally projected Technology/process linkage is critical to successful implementation of Network Centric Operations People are our an organizations most critical asset with respect to implementation of Network Centric Operations Summary

35. Forces Transformation & Resources 35 Questions?