1. Accuracy vs. Precision What’s the Diff?

2. Accuracy Accuracy refers to how closely a measurement matches true or actual values –To be accurate only requires the true value (the bulls eye) and one measurement (one arrow to hit the target).

3. Precision Precision refers to the reproducibility of a measurement. Requires several measurements (notice multiple arrow holes) Has nothing to do with the true value (none of the values are close to the target but all the holes are close together).

4. Does this picture represent accuracy or precision? 1.Accuracy 2.Precision

5. Does this picture represent accuracy or precision? 1.Accuracy 2.Precision

6. Accurate and Precise In order to be accurate and precise, one must pay close attention to detail to receive the same results every time as well as “hit the target”.

7. A sample is known to weigh 3.182g. Jane weighed the sample five different times with the resulting data: 3.200g, 3.180g, 3.152g, 3.126g, & 3.189g. Which measurement was the most accurate? 1.3.200g 2.3.180g 3.3.152g 4.3.126g 5.3.189g

8. Problem #1 Answer Answer: The most accurate measurement would be 3.180 g, because it is closest to the actual weight of the sample.

9. Consider the data (in cm) obtained for the length of an object as measured by three students. The length is known to be 14.5 cm. Which student had the most precise work? 1.Student A 2.Student B 3.Student C

10. Consider the data (in cm) obtained for the length of an object as measured by three students. The length is known to be 14.5 cm. Which student had the most accurate work? 1.Student A 2.Student B 3.Student C

11. Problem #2 Answer Answer: Student A had the most precise work since there is only 0.1 cm between the highest and lowest values, and Student C had the most accurate work since two of the measurements were exactly at the true value and the other three measurements were within 0.1 cm of the actual value.

12. Limits of Measurement (Fig 20, p. 25) Accuracy: A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured What is meant by this statement? “You can only be as accurate as your instrument.”

13. How precise can you be? Can we all agree that it is at least 8 cm? Will we all have the same number next? 8.3 cm??? We can only estimate one place beyond what we are sure of…so we will say we are precise to +/- 0.1 cm In other words…I am confident that you will all measure this within.1 cm of 8.3 cm. szdfasdadfa dfasdf

14. How precise can you be now? I can now be confident that we will all say this is 8.2. Now what would you estimate to? Can I confidently say that we will all measure this as 8.22 +/-.01 cm. Is there another way I could write that? –Yes! 8.22 cm +/-.1 mm

15. Limits of Measurement (Fig 20, p. 25) Precision of a calculated answer is limited by the least precise measurement used in the calculation (*determined by significant figures) Example: A ruler with millimeters would give you a more precise measurement than a ruler with just centimeters. When reading an instrument…You may only estimate ONE place beyond the smallest unit actually measured!

16. So how do we keep track of how precise a measurement is? Significant Figures

17. RULES 1.) All non-zero #’s ARE SIGNIFICANT! 2.) Zero’s between non-zero numbers ARE SIGNIFICANT 3.) IF NO decimal point…zeros at the end of a # are NOT SIG. 4.) If the IS a decimal point…zeros at the end ARE SIG. 5.) IF there IS a decimal point…zeros at the beginning are NOT SIGNIF.

18. Determining Significant Figures If a decimal point is absent, count significant figures starting with the first non-zero digit on the right (atlantic side of the US) Atlantic Ocean

19. How many significant digits are in 12,500? 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6

20. Determining Sig Figs cont… If a decimal point is present, count significant figures starting with the first non-zero digit on the left (pacific side of the US) Pacific Ocean

21. Draw this table and fill in the blanks Measurement# of Significant FiguresRule 12, 345 2400 cm 305 kg 2350. cm 234.005 K 12.340 0.001 0.002450

22. How did you do? Measurement# of Significant FiguresRule 12, 345 51 2400 cm 23 305 kg 32 2350. cm 44 234.005 K 62 12.340 56 0.001 15 0.002450 45 and 6

23. How many significant digits are in 3,005,000? 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6

24. Did you remember the rule? If a decimal point is absent, count significant figures starting with the first non-zero digit on the right (atlantic side of the US) Atlantic Ocean

25. How many significant digits are in 12.0005 cm? 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6

26. How many significant digits are in 0.01250 cm? 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6

27. Did you remember the rule? If a decimal point is present, count significant figures starting with the first non-zero digit on the left (pacific side of the US) Pacific Ocean

28. What do significant figures tell you ? 1.How accurate a measurement is 2.How close a measurement is to the true value 3.How precise a measurement is

29. Significant Digits Notes on Significant Figures in Calculations

30. Adding/Subtracting with Sig Figs ! When quantities are added or subtracted, the number of decimal places in the answer is equal to the number of decimal places in the quantity with the smallest number of decimal places In other words… your answer cannot have more decimal places than the numbers you added together/ subtracted.

31. Example: Example : 1.5 + 3.098 = _____________cm 1.5 + 3.098 = 4.598 cm BUT… your answer cannot have more decimal places than the numbers you added together So how many decimal places must we round to? »0.1 (tenths place) »Therefore the answer is… 4.6 cm

32. Add the following including the correct number of significant figures in your answer. 5.424s + 12.04s+ 62.345s + 0.0025s= ? sec 1.79.8115 sec 2.79.812 sec 3.79.81 sec 4.79.9 sec 5.80. sec 6.80 sec

33. Multiplication with Sig Figs! When quantities are multiplied or divided, the number of significant figures in the answer is equal to the number of significant figures in the quantity with the smallest number of significant figures. In other words…you answer can’t have more SIGNIFICANT FIGURES than your data

34. Multiply the following including the correct number of significant figures in your answer. 10.34 cm x 0.0234 cm x 2.54 cm = ? cm 1.0.6145682 cm 3 2.0.614cm 3 3.0.61 cm 3 4.0.6146 cm 3 5.0.614568cm 3

35. How many significant digits are in 1.250 x 10 -3 cm? 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6

36. What if there is no decimal point? If NOT every value in your calculation is significant, you have to round to the least digits of significant figures. If every value in your calculation is significant, it’s easy…BUT