1. Chapter 9 Population Distribution and Abundance Northern Gannet

2. Late Spring – Mid-Summer

3. Late Summer – Early Spring

4. Across the Atlantic …

5. POPULATION Population: All the individuals of a Given Species in a Defined Area

6. Distribution Distribution: Size, Shape and Location of the area it occupies

7. ABUNDANCE Abundance: Total Number of Individuals of Northern Gannet in a Defined Area.

8. DENSITY Density: Number of Individuals per Unit Area 50 m 60 Birds in Box

9. Distribution: Large Scale Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

10. Distribution: Large Scale Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

11. 26 Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea) POPULATION

12. Distribution: Large Scale Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

13. 27 Forrest Shreve (1878-1950) Distribution: Large Scale Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

14. Distribution: Large Scale Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea)

15. Distribution: Large Scale Saguaro Cactus (Carneggia gigantea) ?? ?

16. DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Fig. 9.3 in Molles 2008 TIGER BEETLE (Cicindela longilabris) 32

17. Fig. 9.4 in Molles 2006 DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale

18. NORTH AMERICA VEGETATION TYPES

19. Distribution: Medium Scale Elevation Gradients (Zonation) Gila River Valley

20. 23 Arizona Sycamore Pinon Pine 24 25 Ponderosa Pine 26 White Fir (Trees of the Gila National Forest) Distribution: Elevation Gradients

21. Distribution: Small Scale Intertidal Gradients (Zonation) NICHE: Environmental Limits of a Species

22. Fundamental Niche (Red) FUNDAMENTAL NICHE: Physical Conditions under which a Species Might Live IN ABSENCE OF COMPETITION FROM OTHER SPECIES

23. Fundamental Niche (Green) REALIZED NICHE: Physical Conditions under which a Species Might Live LIMITED BY BIOTIC INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SPECIES

24. ~ 20,000 Years Ago DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Temporal Variation Sugar Maple Eastern Hemlock

25. DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Temporal Variation Sugar Maple Eastern Hemlock

26. DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Temporal Variation European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) 39

27. DISTRIBUTION: Large Scale Temporal Variation 34 EUROPEAN STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris)

28. Creosote (Larrea tridentata) Regular (= Uniform) Pattern 1 2 PATTERN

29. 10 Regular (= Uniform) Pattern PATTERN

30. Parry’s Agave (Agave parryi) 4 6 PATTERN Clumped (= Aggregated) Pattern

31. Cliff Swallow Willdebeast DISTRIBUTION: Small Scale Clumped (= Aggregated) Pattern

32. Cottonwood Mistletoe (Phoradendron macrophyllum) 12 13 DISTRIBUTION: Small Scale Clumped (= Aggregated) Pattern

33. Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) DISTRIBUTION: Small Scale Random Pattern

34. 9 DISTRIBUTION: Small Scale Random Pattern

35. Fig. 9-10 in Molles 2006 DISTRIBUTION: Small Scale Pattern: Random, Regular, Clumped

36. Uniform Temporal Variation in Pattern Clumped Random Creosote (Larrea tridentata)

37. Fig. 9.13 in Molles 2006 Temporal Variation in Pattern Creosote (Larrea tridentata)

38. 15 PATTERN: Small Scale Mechanism for Regular Pattern

39. Fig. 9.14 in Molles 2006 Mechanism for Regular Pattern

40. 78 Pattern at Multiple Spatial Scales

41. 18 21 Christmas Bird Count (Winter) Patterns at Large Spatial Scales

42. Fig. 9.15 in Molles 2007 American CrowFish Crow Patterns at Large Spatial Scales Christmas Bird Count (Winter) 19

43. 17 18 Breeding Bird Survey (Summer) Patterns at Large Spatial Scales

44. Summer Distributions Red-Eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) Fig. 9.16 in Molles 2006 Patterns at Large Spatial Scales

45. 1 http://www.kayaklakemead.com/sitebuilder/images/creosote_bush_range- 420x305.jpg 2 http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/Larrea.divaricata.ka.JPG 3 http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Edwards%20Pictures%2005/ Summer2005_Slides/su05%20247%20creosote.jpg 4 http://www.starr-nursery.com/images/Agave%20parryi%20nw02.jpg 5 http://misheli.image.pbase.com/u34/pinicola/upload/34660473. 020herdpressure.jpg 6 http://wc.pima.edu/~bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/images/sw_paag01.jpg 7 http://visel.freeshell.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/cornfields.png 9 http://citybugs.tamu.edu/FastSheets/images/leafcutter_ant_mound.gif

46. 10 http://ars.sdstate.edu/faculty/smarta/Range415/Prairie%20dog%20need%20 to%20sort%20061.jpg 11 http://k53.pbase.com/o4/29/336929/1/62896394.jfMZnmhh.T2311Swallow NestCommune.jpg 12 http://www.delange.org/MistletoeChristmas/Dsc00094.jpg 13 http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/images/B999images/B999-8.jpg 14 http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Edwards%20Pictures%2005/Summer2005 _Slides/su05%20247%20creosote.jpg 15 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ravirg/images/creosote.root.jpg 16 http://www.wildlife-fantasy.com/artwork/songbirds.jpg

47. 17 http://www.miriameaglemon.com/photogallery/P6040258%20Floyd %20KCR.jpg 18 http://www.epa.gov/cludygxb/images/bbs-2.gif 19 http://www.coffeecreekwc.org/photos/birds/American_Crow.jpg 20 http://www.dpughphoto.com/images/fish%20crow%20ocracoke %2050906.JPG 21 http://www.challender.demon.co.uk/bird/trip/beardedt.jpg 22 http://www.truthorconsequencesnm.net/us_forest/mogollon -mts-o.jpg 23 http://www.delange.org/SycamoreArizona/Dsc00020.jpg

48. 24 http://www.avant-gardening.com/Pinon-Pine---Pinus-edulis.jpg 25 http://z.about.com/d/forestry/1/0/d/2/pp.jpg 26 http://www.friendsofsaguaro.org/sagdistributionmaplarge. gif 27 http://wwwpaztcn.wr.usgs.gov/images/shreve.jpg 28 http://nartowicz.users.btopenworld.com/seedlings/geometricus3.jpg 29 http://www.delange.org/Saguaro/DscSag2.jpg 30 http://www.theus50.com/images/state-quarters/vermont-quarter.jpg 31 http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/spermatophyta/ angiosperms/dicotyledonae/aceraceae/sugar%20maple/JSC%209807 %20Sugar%20Maple.JPG

49. 32 http://www.lesinsectesduquebec.com/insecta/24-coleoptera/cicindela _longilabris-1.JPG 33 http://bailey.aros.net/nature/images/European%20Starling.jpg 34 Ricklefs, R.E. and G. Miller. 2000. Ecology, 4 th edition. W.H. Freeman and Co. 35 http://www.birdbuzz.com/site/images/bird_id/red_eyed_vireo.jpg 36 http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/Life/ManyEmperors.jpg 37 http://www.flyingover.net/files/photos/Golden%20eagle%20%20(c)% 20Arne%20Ader.JPG 38 http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2007/01/22/snow-in-tucson-january-of-2007 / 39 http://3quarksdaily.blogs.com/3quarksdaily/images/2007/08/29/shakespeare.jpg