1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 7.2 Urbanization After 1865 What challenges did city dwellers face, & how did they meet them? Analyze the causes of urban growth in the late 1800s. Explain how technology improved city life. Evaluate how city dwellers solved the problems caused by rapid urban growth.

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. urbanization – expansion of cities (size & population) rural-to-urban migrant – a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city skyscraper – very tall building made of modern materials like steel Elisha Otis – developed safety elevator that made skyscrapers more practical mass transit – public transportation systems that carry many people suburb – residential area surrounding a city Frederick Law Olmsted – a landscape engineer, designed Central Park in NYC & other major U.S. city parks tenement – multistory building divided into apartments to house as many families as possible

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. This period was the beginning of an upsurge in American urbanization that brought changes to the country. By 1900, 32 percent—15 million Americans—lived in cities with populations of more than 50,000. In 1860, most Americans lived in rural areas, with only 16% living in towns or cities with a population of 8,000 or more. urbanization – expansion of cities (size & population) rural-to-urban migrant – a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. America’s major cities were manufacturing & transportation centers. The cities were clustered in the Northeast, on the Pacific Coast, & along the waterways of the Midwest. rural-to-urban migrant – a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Rural-to-urban migrants moved from farms to cities in the 1890s. Immigrants, Farmers, & Migrants from the Rural West They were attracted by economic opportunities. Many moved because it was increasingly difficult to make a living on a farm. It was hard for farmers to work on rigid schedules in crowded factories. African Americans The majority of African Americans stayed in southern cities. But African American migrants paved the way for a much larger migration after World War I. People moved to cities to seize opportunities. Life was hard in the city, but most people preferred it to the country.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. G.B. Post: Produce Exchange Building, 1881-84. 10 stories, + tower.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. RM Hunt: N.Y. Tribune Building, 1873-75 – demolished in 1955 for the expanded automobile entrance to the Brooklyn Bridge. skyscraper – very tall building made of modern materials like steel

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. GB Post: N.Y. World Building, 1890. 309' ht.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. As cities swelled in size, American innovators developed new technologies to improve living conditions. TechnologyDescription skyscrapersSteel-frame buildings ten stories or taller, built because there was limited room left on the ground. safety elevatorsElevators that would not fall even if the lifting rope broke. central heating systems Systems made to carry heat to all parts of a building.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. "Newspaper Row" New York All possible because…Elisha Otis – developed safety elevator that made skyscrapers more practical

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Mass transit reshaped the nation’s cities. In 1888, Richmond, Virginia started using streetcars powered by overhead electric cables. Within a decade, every other major city followed. Electric streetcars were quieter, cleaner, & more efficient than coal-driven commuter trains or horse-drawn trolleys. mass transit – public transportation systems that carry many people, made suburbs possible

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Traffic congestion often kept streetcars from running on schedule. In 1897, Boston solved this problem by building the nation’s first subway system, & New York City followed suit in 1904. Mass transit made it possible for middle & upper-class people to move to the suburbs.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. suburb – residential area surrounding a city

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. As cities grew, planners designated different parts of cities for different functions. Cities set aside space for heavy industry, financial institutions, homes, and public spaces such as libraries and government buildings. Parks were also important to plan for. Frederick Law Olmsted designed many well-known parks, including New York City’s Central Park. Frederick Law Olmsted – a landscape engineer, designed Central Park in NYC & other major U.S. city parks

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some poor workers lived in crowded tenements, which usually were unhealthy & dangerous because they had few windows & little sanitation. Many neighborhoods became overcrowded. Rapid population growth led to problems. tenement – multistory building divided into apartments to house as many families as possible

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Cities had filthy, unpaved streets and sanitation problems, conditions perfect for breeding epidemics. To solve these problems, governments & city planners tried to regulate housing, sanitation, sewers, & public health. They began to take water from clean reservoirs and to use water filtration systems. Cities responded to the threats of fire and crime with professional firefighting teams, uniformed city police forces, &new electric streetlights. Regardless, conflicts between different racial groups, classes, & neighborhoods remained.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 1.complete the section assessment on p. 222 Thanks! Welcome to class! When you complete your map answer the following:

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 1.Get a textbook and turn to p. 221 2.Answer questions 1-2. 3.Then complete the section assessment on p. 222 Thanks! Welcome to class! When you complete your map answer the following:

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Welcome to class! When you complete your map answer the following: 1.Where were most major American cities located in the 1800s and early 1900s? 2. What determined the locations of these cities? 3.Why were more immigrants drawn to these urban areas than to rural areas? 4.Why were farmers migrating to cities at this time? 5.Do you think Americans of today still prefer life in cities to life in rural areas or suburbs?