1. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)1 The Newly-Discovered Remote Globular Cluster System of M31 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU) In collaboration with:  Avon Huxor (Bristol)  Annette Ferguson (Edinburgh)  Mike Irwin (Cambridge)  Nial Tanvir (Leicester)  Alan McConnachie (HIA)  Nicolas Martin (MPIA)  and many more…

2. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)2 GCs – why should we care? No dark energy or (non-baryonic) dark matter… Boring!  Actually, GCs are central to many fields of astrophysics.  They are relatively simple astrophysical objects (ie, not galaxies).  Roughly spherical, single(?) stellar populations.  Ubiquitous in galaxies above a certain (low) mass limit.  Most are compact and luminous (ie, visible from a distance!).  Testing grounds for stellar evolution models (binaries, exotica).  Laboratories for gravitational dynamics.  A fossil record of host galaxy formation & evolution.  Trace star formation, chemical evolution, mergers, kinematics.  Local probes of the early Universe (cosmological significance?).

3. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)3 Milky Way globular cluster system: There are ~ 150 known globular clusters associated with our Galaxy.  These extend from Galactic centre to ~ 120 kpc in the halo.  Metallicities ranging from [Fe/H] ~ -2.4 – 0.0.  Comprise an inhomogeneous group in terms of masses, densities, spatial locations, ages, orbits, horizontal branch morphologies…  Following the original suggestion by Searle & Zinn (1978), there has been accumulation of evidence for many GCs having been accreted into the Milky Way (particularly remote clusters).  See Zinn (1993), Mackey & Gilmore (2004), Forbes & Bridges (2010).  Verification of this scenario with discovery of Sagittarius dwarf.  However, still the only concrete, unambiguous example.

4. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)4 Sagittarius dwarf

5. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)5 Globular clusters in M31:  M31 provides a contrasting system to the Milky Way – what can we learn from its GCs about the similarities and differences between the two galaxies… is the MW typical? Also, an extended parameter space for interesting objects. (M31 has at least 450 GCs..!) PAndAS (and earlier surveys) are opening a new window on the outer halo globular cluster system of M31.

6. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)6 The Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS) CFHT / MegaCam Large program aimed at surveying entire M31 halo to ~150 kpc (and M33 halo to ~50 kpc).  Running 2008B – 2010B  Limiting depth of g = 25.5 and i = 24.5 (~3-4 mag RGB)  Detect structures to SB of ~32-33 mag/arcsec 2  Allowing discovery of many new globular clusters…

7. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)7 The Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey PAndAS A. McConnachie et al. 2009, Nature, 461, 66 Status after 2008B

8. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)8  PAndAS is notable for its fantastic data quality.  Seeing is typically better than ~ 0.7 arcsec (!)  Removes (for the first time) almost all the ambiguity involved when identifying globular clusters.

9. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)9 The “new” remote GC system of M31:  Until very recently only GCs in the (very) inner regions (~disk) of M31 had been catalogued and studied.  With PAndAS we are now characterising the remote, outer halo globular cluster population for the first time.  The Revised Bologna Catalogue (RBC) lists 34 M31 GCs outside 15 kpc, of which only 3 lie outside 30 kpc.  We have discovered ~85 new globular clusters lying outside 15 kpc in M31, nearly 65 of which are outside 30 kpc (to >120 kpc). (very many compared to Milky Way!)  Huxor et al. (2005, 2008, 2009, 2010); Mackey et al (2006, 2007).

10. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)10 (Huxor et al. 2008, MNRAS, 385, 1989) The colours of outer M31 globulars are very similar to Galactic counterparts. Suggests similar ages and metallicities. However… noticeable difference between the luminosities of clusters. Outer MW globulars are typically sub-luminous; M31 globulars are bright.

11. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)11 MGC1 in M31 (Gemini/GMOS) – R p = 117 kpc

12. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)12 MGC1 is ancient, metal-poor and significantly closer than M31. Combined with large projected radius  MGC1 is ~ 200 kpc from M31 (!) It has an extended structure consistent with models of isolated GCs. (Mackey et al. 2010, MNRAS, 401, 533)

13. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)13 Extended Clusters in M31:  Cluster-like objects with unusually extended structures.  Originally discovered by Huxor et al. (2005) from INT / WFC.  Followed by many more from PAndAS…  Of the ~ 85 new GCs outside 15 kpc, ~ 25 – 30 are extended.  Also seen in M33 and NGC 6822 but maybe not in our Galaxy.  Populate an unusual region of the size-luminosity plane.

14. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)14 From HST/ACS imaging (GO-10394), see Mackey et al. (2006, 2007) (Mackey et al. 2007, ApJ, 655, L85)

15. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)15 From HST/ACS imaging (GO-10394), see Mackey et al. (2006, 2007) (Mackey et al. 2006, ApJ, 653, L105)

16. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)16 Dwarf galaxies Star clusters “Simple” stellar populations; No dark matter. Complex stellar populations; DM dominated. (Huxor et al. 2010, MNRAS, nearly submitted)

17. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)17 Spatial distribution of remote M31 GCs: (Huxor et al. 2010, MNRAS, nearly submitted)  Azimuthally averaged density profile shows a striking break.  This is also seen in the metal-poor halo population.  Evidence for the accretion of GCs into the outer halo…

18. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)18

19. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)19

20. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)20 If the clusters were smoothly distributed azimuthally, what would the distribution of surrounding stellar densities look like? Quite different from what we observe which is biased to higher densities. The two distributions drawn from same parent with only ~ 1.3% probability. (Mackey et al., 2010, ApJ, 717, L11)

21. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)21 (Mackey et al., 2010, ApJ, 717, L11) Streams without clusters are in the minority. This may suggest that most streams in the M31 halo are due to the accretion of a few larger progenitors. What can we learn about these galaxies from the clusters? Future work will fold in radial velocity info (in progress)…

22. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)22 (Mackey et al., 2010, ApJ, 717, L11) Summary & Conclusions:  M31 has many more remote GCs than the Milky Way, extending further out and with a wider variety of properties.  So far, their colours appear consistent with being ancient and metal-poor (more work in progress).  Their radial profile shows a clear break at ~30 kpc, mirrored in the metal-poor field population.  Their spatial distribution is not smooth, and shows a statistically significant correlation with underlying field substructures.  Our results are strong evidence that the majority of the remote M31 GC system has been assembled from the accretion of cluster-bearing satellite galaxies (cf. Milky Way).

23. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)23 R p = 125 kpc!

24. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)24

25. The remote globular cluster system of M31 LAMOST Workshop, 19 th July 2010 Dougal Mackey (RSAA, ANU)25