1. Marzia Rosati - ISU1 Marzia Rosati mrosati@iastate.edu Iowa State University

2. Marzia Rosati - ISU2 u Why Heavy Ion Collisions? u QCD and the QGP Phase Transition u Quarkonium in Media Measurements at the SPS u New Quarkonium Measurements at RHIC u Future Prospects at RHIC and LHC I II

3. Marzia Rosati - ISU3 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider  3.83 km circumference  Two independent rings  120 bunches/ring  106 ns crossing time  Capable of colliding ~any nuclear species on ~any other species  Energy up to: è 200 GeV for Au-Au (per N-N collision) Brookhaven National Laboratory Long Island New York City

4. Marzia Rosati - ISU4 RHIC Experiments Constraints on design  High multiplicity events  High rate needed  Low-cost required Choices made  Two large, flexible (& expensive!) experiments  Two small, optimized (& inexpensive!) experiments

5. Marzia Rosati - ISU5 RHIC Capabilities  Nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions up to  s NN = 200 GeV  Polarized proton-proton (pp) collisions up to  s NN = 450 GeV

6. Marzia Rosati - ISU6 How is RHIC Different?  It’s a collider  Detector systematics independent of ECM  It’s dedicated  Heavy ions will run 20-30 weeks/year  It’s high energy  Access to perturbative phenomena  Jets  Non-linear dE/dx  Its detectors are comprehensive  ~All final state species measured with a suite of detectors that nonetheless have significant overlap for comparisons

7. Marzia Rosati - ISU7 RHIC and SPS comparison

8. Marzia Rosati - ISU8 Charmonium at RHIC experimental Plan RHIC  To establish that the observed charmonium suppression pattern results from QGP:  Study vs. p T  Study vs. centrality  Study in lighter systems  Study vs. a control a vector meson that should not be suppressed, the Upsilon

9. Marzia Rosati - ISU9 USA Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, Irvington, NY Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL Florida Technical University, Melbourne, FL Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM Dept. of Chemistry, Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY Dept. Phys. and Astronomy, Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Brazil University of São Paulo, São Paulo China Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing Peking University, Beijing France LPC, University de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand Dapnia, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette IPN-Orsay, Universite Paris Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay LLR, Ecòle Polytechnique, CNRS-IN2P3, Palaiseau SUBATECH, Ecòle des Mines at Nantes, Nantes Germany University of Münster, Münster Hungary Central Research Institute for Physics (KFKI), Budapest Debrecen University, Debrecen Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest India Banaras Hindu University, Banaras Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay Israel Weizmann Institute, Rehovot Japan Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima KEK, Institute for High Energy Physics, Tsukuba Kyoto University, Kyoto Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki RIKEN, Institute for Physical and Chemical Research, Wako RIKEN-BNL Research Center, Upton, NY Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Waseda University, Tokyo S. Korea Cyclotron Application Laboratory, KAERI, Seoul Kangnung National University, Kangnung Korea University, Seoul Myong Ji University, Yongin City System Electronics Laboratory, Seoul Nat. University, Seoul Yonsei University, Seoul Russia Institute of High Energy Physics, Protovino Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna Kurchatov Institute, Moscow PNPI, St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg St. Petersburg State Technical University, St. Petersburg Sweden Lund University, Lund *as of January 2004 12 Countries; 58 Institutions; 480 Participants*

10. Marzia Rosati - ISU10 PHENIX Detector 2 central spectrometers J/  ee 2 forward spectrometers J/   3 global detectors West East South North 3 global detectors (centrality)

11. Marzia Rosati - ISU11 Muon Measurement in PHENIX  1.2 <  < 2.4 (north), 1.2 <  < 2.2 (south), full  coverage PHENIX with 2 forward arms  tracking with 3 stations of chambers in magnetic field  muon ID with 5 layers of steel absorber and Iarocci tubes  low energy cutoff at 2 GeV/c

12. Marzia Rosati - ISU12 Virtual Tour of PHENIX Central Arms

13. Marzia Rosati - ISU13 Run1 Electrons Electron Measurement in PHENIX   0.35 <  < 0.35, d  =  /2  2  charged particle tracking  DC / PC / TEC  hadron rejection at 10 4 level in Au+Au central collisions  RICH / EMCal / TEC  good momentum resolution All charged With RICH hit E/p ratio 0.8GeV<p<0.9GeV

14. Marzia Rosati - ISU14 PHENIX  Mis-identification

15. Marzia Rosati - ISU15 Charmonium in Central & Forward Arms  simultaneous access to regions with different energy densities  rapidity density of produced particles as a measure  good test if suppression is a function of local energy density

16. Marzia Rosati - ISU16 Charmonium Measurement in PHENIX Year Ions  s NN LuminosityDetectors J/  2000Au-Au130 GeV 1  b -1 Central (electrons)0 2001 Au-Au200 GeV 24  b -1 Central 13 + 0 2002 p-p200 GeV0.15 pb -1 + 1 muon arm46 + 66 2002 d-Au200 GeV2.74 nb -1 Central 300+1400 2003 p-p200 GeV0.35 pb -1 + 2 muon arms 100+420 2004Au-Au 200 GeV 62 GeV ~240 ub -1 ~9 ub -1 Central + 2 muon arms ????

17. Marzia Rosati - ISU17 PHENIX: J/   e+e- and  +  - from pp Central and forward rapidity measurements from Central and Muon Arms: Rapidity shape consistent with various PDFs √s dependence consistent with various PDFs with factorization and renormalization scales chosen to match data Higher statistics needed to constrain PDFs  = 3.99 +/- 0.61(stat) +/- 0.58(sys) +/- 0.40(abs)  b (BR*  tot = 239 nb)

18. Marzia Rosati - ISU18 PHENIX: J/  in dA Eskola, Kolhinen, Vogt hep-ph/0104124 PHENIX μ, North PHENIX , SOUTH PHENIX e PHENIX measurements cover expected shadowing, anti- shadowing range All expected to see p T broadening dE/dx not expected to be significant effect at RHIC energies Overall absorption expected d Au North Muon ArmSouth Muon Arm Central Arm

19. Marzia Rosati - ISU19 J/  dA from PHENIX Suppression in deuteron direction consistent with some shadowing but can’t distinguish among various models Anti-shadowing in Au direction Overall absorption *Centrality dependence unique measurement from RHIC d Au

20. Marzia Rosati - ISU20 N J/  = 10.8 + 3.2 (stat) + 3.8 - 2.8 (sys) Seven different mass fitting and counting methods used to determine systematic error in the number of counts. ee Invariant Mass Spectra in Au-Au

21. Marzia Rosati - ISU21 PHENIX: J/  in AuAu from Run 2 49.3 million minimum bias events analyzed in Central Arm, Run 2 8, 5, 0 “most likely signal” for 3 centrality bins Not enough statistical significance to distinguish various models but strong enhancement seems to be disfavored. R. L. Thews, M. Schroedter, J. Rafelski, Phys Rev C 63, 054905 Plasma Coalescence Model Binary Scaling Absorption (Nuclear + QGP) + final-state coalescence Absorption (Nuclear + QGP) L. Grandchamp, R. Rapp, Nucl Phys A709, 415; Phys Lett B 523, 60

22. Marzia Rosati - ISU22  Full exploration of J/  production versus “N binary ” ~ A(b)*A(b) via  A long run with Au-Au  A series of shorter light ion runs  p-A or d-A running Log 10 (N binary ) In the future

23. Marzia Rosati - ISU23 PHENIX Upgrade  Ultimately we want to detect open charm “directly” via displaced vertices  Development of required Si tracking for PHENIX well underway

24. Marzia Rosati - ISU24 ZCal Barrel EM Calorimeter Magnet Coils ZCal Central Trigger Barrel Time Projection Chamber Silicon Vertex Tracker RICH STAR Electron Measurement   1 <  < 1, d  = 2   Particle Identification  EMCAL, dE/dx in SVT and TPC

25. Marzia Rosati - ISU25 Charmonium Measurement in STAR  J/  is accepted if both electrons P>1.5GeV/c and fall into the EMC  40K J/  for 1 year of running at full luminosity with signal/background=1:3 y Detector Acceptance pTpT

26. Marzia Rosati - ISU26 RHIC-II  RHIC-II:  L = 5 · 10 32 cm -2 s -1 (pp)  L = 7-9 · 10 27 cm -2 s -1 = 7-9 mb -1 s -1 (AuAu)  hadr. min bias: 7200 mb 8 mb -1 s -1 = 58 kHz  30 weeks, 50% efficiency   Ldt = 80 nb -1  100% reconstruction efficiency  Assume here:  AA =  pp (AB) 

27. Marzia Rosati - ISU27 Rates at RHIC-II  Au+Au min bias production rates  R(J/  ) = 27 Hz  R(  ’) = 1 Hz  R(  (1S)) = 0.01701 Hz  R(  (2S)) = 0.00297 Hz  R(  (3S)) = 0.00324 Hz  Au+Au, 30 weeks, 50% efficiency produced number of events  2.7 · 10 8 J/   1 · 10 7  ’  170100  (1S)  29700  (2S)  32400  (3S)

28. Marzia Rosati - ISU28 In the Future Going to even higher energy temperature energy density  /T 4 T C ~ 170 MeV LHC RHIC SPS AGS hadron gas QGP

29. Marzia Rosati - ISU29 LHC Heavy Ions ALICE e + e - ALICE μ + μ - CMSATLAS J/  2.1x10 4 8.0x10 5 3.7x10 4 2.5x10 4  1.4x10 4 5.0x10 3 2.6x10 4 2.1x10 4

30. Marzia Rosati - ISU30 Saturation Physics The ratio of the EKS98 corrected nuclear gluon distribution to CTEQ5L overlapping color sources lead to the saturation of the gluon phase space in the initial state nuclear wavefunction

31. Marzia Rosati - ISU31 x coverage Coverage over 5 decades in x for which nuclear effects in the gluon density are expected to manifest The ratio of the EKS98 corrected nuclear gluon distribution to CTEQ5L

32. Marzia Rosati - ISU32 Summary  The good and bad news: the phenomenology of charmonium in nuclear collisions is richer than anyone supposed  There is enough interesting physics to keep us busy  Things are not as simple as first supposed  The goal of the field has shifted from “discovering the quark-gluon plasma” to “characterizing the nuclear medium under extreme conditions”  This is a plus – we’ve moved past presupposing how things will behave and towards measuring and understanding what really happens  Charmonium is a critical probe in this wider effort  RHIC data in Au+Au collisions is right around the corner  Experimental program will continue at LHC